s
yazdan gudarzi farahani; Zoleikha Morsali Arzanagh; Mohsen Mehrara; ebrahim abbasi
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of uncertainty of economic policies in business cycles on macroeconomic variables. In this study, a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium approach and statistical data for the period 1370-1401 have been used. In this study, based on the analysis ...
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The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of uncertainty of economic policies in business cycles on macroeconomic variables. In this study, a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium approach and statistical data for the period 1370-1401 have been used. In this study, based on the analysis of the period of boom and recession, the shock from the uncertainty component of economic policy in this period was investigated on macroeconomic variables. The obtained results have shown that during the boom period, the effects of economic policy uncertainty shock on variables such as production, investment, and consumption were less than during the recession period, and during the recession period, the negative effect of this shock on the mentioned variables was more severe. In addition to this, the effect of economic policy uncertainty shock on the variables of inflation rate, interest rate and exchange rate has also been positive during economic boom and recession and has led to an increase in these nominal variables.
International Commerce
Azadeh Alikhani; Seyed Komeil Tayebi; saeed Daei-Karimzadeh
Abstract
Most of the countries using complicated multiple rate systems have been subject to inflationary pressures and to a more or less rapid rise in domestic costs and prices. Such an environment greatly complicates any exchange policy, because the exchange rate has to be adjusted frequently to keep an appropriate ...
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Most of the countries using complicated multiple rate systems have been subject to inflationary pressures and to a more or less rapid rise in domestic costs and prices. Such an environment greatly complicates any exchange policy, because the exchange rate has to be adjusted frequently to keep an appropriate relation between domestic and external costs and prices. Considering this, the present study examines the effects of exchange rate unification policy on the aggregate import price index from 1979 to 2023. For this purpose, the most influential variables affecting the aggregate import price index are first identified using the Time-Varying Parameters Dynamic Model Averaging (TVP_DMA) framework. Subsequently, Then, the impacts of exchange rate unification shocks on the aggregate import price index are examined within the time-varying parameter vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) model. The results indicate that exchange rate unification leads to an increase in the aggregate import price index, with significant short-term effects that gradually diminish over the long term. Additionally, higher instability in the foreign exchange market causes the nature of the impacts (both in terms of intensity and duration) on the aggregate import price index to differ compared to other periods.Keywords: Multiple Exchange Rates, Unification, The Aggregate Import Price Index, Shock, The Exchange Rate Pass-through.
Human Capital
Marzieh Shakeri HosseinAbad; Zahra Nasrollahi
Abstract
Women's participation in the labor market has an effect not only on the economic development of a country but also on contribution to gender equality. In addition, empowering women can lead to an improvement in household welfare by reducing the dependency ratio and increasing per capita income. Although ...
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Women's participation in the labor market has an effect not only on the economic development of a country but also on contribution to gender equality. In addition, empowering women can lead to an improvement in household welfare by reducing the dependency ratio and increasing per capita income. Although various social, cultural, political, and economic factors affect women's entry into the labor market, the wages paid to women compared to men can be an important factor in women's decision to participate in the labor market. This research was designed to investigate the factors affecting women's economic participation with an emphasis on gender wage discrimination in the years 1385-1400 with five-year intervals and separated by the provinces of Iran, and the wage gender discrimination in this research was calculated using the Neomark method. The results show that the variables of the unemployment rate, the proportion of poor people, the share of female students, and mobile phones have had a positive and significant effect on the participation of women in the labor market of urban areas. While the gender wage discrimination variable has a negative and significant effect on women's decision to enter the labor market. Therefore, adopting policies aimed at improving women's education as a way to promote their economic participation can be considered. In addition, policies to reduce gender wage discrimination are considered as an effective measure in increasing the economic participation of women compared to men.
Income inequality
Zahra Sadeghi Motamed; abolfazl shahabadi; hamid kordbacheh
Abstract
In the past, the role of physical capital in the production process and subsequent economic development was much more important than other factors of production, and at that time, theories were put forward that stated that inequality through the accumulation of physical capital could accelerate the process ...
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In the past, the role of physical capital in the production process and subsequent economic development was much more important than other factors of production, and at that time, theories were put forward that stated that inequality through the accumulation of physical capital could accelerate the process of economic development. In the present era, knowledge is known as a source of wealth for societies, and the role of new factors of production is very important in the production function, and on the other hand, the centrality of new factors of production is human. Therefore, studying the determinants of income inequality is essential. The present study, using the GMM proposed by Blondel and Bond, examined the interaction effect of globalization and natural resource rents on income inequality in a group of selected countries during 2008-2020.The results of the study indicate that the mutual impact of globalization and natural resource rents on income inequality was positive and significant. It is suggested that by adopting a strategy of transforming natural resources into sustainable and productive capital, while strengthening the economic structure for an effective presence in the global economy by creating a stable income stream, it is possible to finance support policies. Also, according to the results, the impact of gender inequality on income inequality was positive and significant. The impact of democracy on income inequality was negative and significant, and the impact of institutions on income inequality was negative and meaningless.
Co2 Emissions
Somayeh Azami; Fatemeh Hosseini
Abstract
Clarifying the relationship between income inequality and carbon emissions can be a reference for achieving sustainable development and improving the income allocation mechanism. This study focuses on the provinces of Iran and first calculates the emission of carbon dioxide caused by the final energy ...
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Clarifying the relationship between income inequality and carbon emissions can be a reference for achieving sustainable development and improving the income allocation mechanism. This study focuses on the provinces of Iran and first calculates the emission of carbon dioxide caused by the final energy consumption of the provinces in the period of 2015-2016. By considering cross-sectional dependence, the long-run relationship between model variables is confirmed. Also, the results indicate the confirmation of spatial correlation. The estimation of the Spatial Durbin Model(SDM) in full dynamic case shows that lagged CO2 emission ( & ) positively and significantly affects the CO2 emission of the provinces. Spatial effects of lagged explanatory variables (production, energy intensity and Gini coefficient) are significant on CO2 emissions. The positive and significant spatial dependence coefficient indicates that the emission of CO2 in one province has a positive spillover effect on the emission of CO2 in neighboring provinces. Kuznets' environmental hypothesis is confirmed. Gini coefficient and energy intensity have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Sustainable economic growth can be achieved by reducing energy intensity. Social equity reduces carbon emissions by redistributing income from rich to poor households. Therefore, implementing policies to improve income distribution and strengthening institutions that can help overcome income inequality by supporting the rights of poor people, along with reforming energy policies, can help improve the quality of the environment in Iran.
s
Maryam Heidarian; Amene Shahidi
Abstract
the present study evaluates the mediating and interactive role of governance in the debt-economic growth relationship in a selection of countries in the world. For this purpose, the selected countries are divided into four groups: 1- Countries with high debt and high governance; 2- Countries with low ...
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the present study evaluates the mediating and interactive role of governance in the debt-economic growth relationship in a selection of countries in the world. For this purpose, the selected countries are divided into four groups: 1- Countries with high debt and high governance; 2- Countries with low debt and high governance; 3- Countries with low debt and low governance and 4- Countries with high debt and low governance are categorized and the models considered are estimated with Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag regression model, during the period 2002-2023. The results of the model estimation related to the effect of debt (along with variables such as investment, degree of trade play, labor force participation rate, inflation rate) on economic growth indicate that in the short term in all four groups of countries, debt has caused a decrease in economic growth, but in the long term, it has only increased economic growth in countries with high governance. Also, when the effect of good governance along with government debt has been interactively fitted on economic growth, it has reduced the negative effect of debt or increased its long-term positive effect in all groups of countries. Based on the research findings, it can be argued that governance is a variable affecting the relationship between debt and growth;
Quality of Environment
Ali. Mohamadipour.
Abstract
In recent decades, developing countries, due to severe backwardness and haste to achieve higher economic growth and development, have faced wider and more dangerous environmental crises and problems. In this study, the effect of economic growth on environmental quality in selected developing countries ...
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In recent decades, developing countries, due to severe backwardness and haste to achieve higher economic growth and development, have faced wider and more dangerous environmental crises and problems. In this study, the effect of economic growth on environmental quality in selected developing countries is examined using the GMM method over the period 2010 to 2024. The results showed that economic growth has a positive effect on trade openness and carbon dioxide emissions have a negative effect on foreign trade. On the other hand, the variables of economic growth and trade openness have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, appropriate policies for environmental protection along with economic growth policies and trade expansion can lead to improvement in environmental quality in addition to economic growth. Given the confirmation of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) in the present study, the key regulatory and policy-making role of governments in developing countries is very important in maintaining the public health of the population and achieving the global sustainable development goals. Also, given the unfavorable economic conditions in Iran, it unfortunately seems that economic policymakers in this country not only completely prioritize achieving higher economic growth over managing environmental pollutants and protecting natural resources; they have also completely forgotten the imposition of supplementary regulations (incentives, carbon taxes, etc.) on the entry of foreign capital and even the government's supervisory and policy-making function in implementing a green economy.
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