Inflation
Faramarz Tahmasebi
Abstract
Inflation influences the assets’ price and return. In order to maintain the money value, investors are willing to invest in assets which maintain their purchasing power and bring them good returns, when they encounter inflationary conditions. Some assets have this function, including stocks, gold, ...
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Inflation influences the assets’ price and return. In order to maintain the money value, investors are willing to invest in assets which maintain their purchasing power and bring them good returns, when they encounter inflationary conditions. Some assets have this function, including stocks, gold, currency, housing, land, etc. This study aimed to review the effect of inflation on investment in a combination of physical and financial assets. The main research question is how the optimal investment portfolio of the people changes with the change of the inflationary conditions and the escalation of the inflation rate. For this purpose, the optimal combination of assets such as dollar, gold coins, stocks, corporate bonds, housing, bank deposits and land was extracted in different inflationary conditions during the period of 1991-2021 using Markowitz's mean-variance model. The results indicated that assets are moved in the people’s investment portfolio due to the change in the inflationary conditions. Where the inflation rate was lower than its 30-year average, the best investment combination for people were corporate bonds, housing, stocks and bank deposits, respectively. With the escalating inflationary conditions and the inflation rate higher than the 30-year average, the optimal investment portfolio includes corporate bonds, gold coins, stocks and land, respectively. Comparing the composition of assets in the first to fourth quartiles of inflation represented that the corporate bonds, housing, stocks and gold are the first priorities of people's investment.
s
Saleh Taheri Bazkhaneh
Abstract
The impact of inflation uncertainty on the real sector is one of the topics of monetary economics, which leads to important effects at the macroeconomic level. Despite this, there is no consensus on how inflation uncertainty affects output in the field of theoretical and empirical studies. On the other ...
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The impact of inflation uncertainty on the real sector is one of the topics of monetary economics, which leads to important effects at the macroeconomic level. Despite this, there is no consensus on how inflation uncertainty affects output in the field of theoretical and empirical studies. On the other hand, considering the conditions of countries with natural resources rent, this relationship may be challenged. Therefore, the current research tries to provide a new insight in this field by choosing Iran's economy due to the experience of wide inflation fluctuations on the one hand and the special role of oil revenues on its various sectors. For this purposedata from 1989:2 – 2021:2 and continuous wavelet transformation were used to examine the relationship between uncertainty of inflation and output by different groups.The results showed that in the short-run horizon, the gross domestic product and its components have experienced various relationships in terms of intensity, direction and flow of causality with inflation uncertainty. In the medium and long run, the gross domestic product due to oil revenues has an inverse effect on inflation uncertainty. Based on this, it can be said that achieving one of the important goals of monetary policy is dependent on the real sector and specifically oil rent. This problem is rooted in the high concentration of oil in Iran's economy and its direct and indirect influence on liquidity, which reflects the lack of independence of the central bank.
mahdiye ramedoust; rooya Alomran; Hossein Panahian; Hossein Asgharpour
Abstract
Controlling inflation and economic growth is one of the most important economic goals that governments seek to achieve through tools such as monetary policy. To achieve their policy goals, monetary policymakers need to have a careful assessment of the effectiveness of monetary policy in the short and ...
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Controlling inflation and economic growth is one of the most important economic goals that governments seek to achieve through tools such as monetary policy. To achieve their policy goals, monetary policymakers need to have a careful assessment of the effectiveness of monetary policy in the short and long term. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of asymmetric shocks of monetary policy on inflation and real output variables in the period 1994:1-2016: 4 using the NARDL technique. The results of the study showed that only positive liquidity shock has a positive and significant effect on GDP and its negative shock has no significant effect on GDP in the long run. Also, according to the results, in the short run, positive and negative liquidity shocks do not have a significant effect on production, but short-term positive liquidity shocks after a break have a positive effect on GDP. Accordingly, the asymmetric effects of positive and negative monetary policies on economic growth are accepted.
mansour heydari; Hossein Asgharpur; Davoud Hamidi Razi; sadeq Rezaie
Abstract
The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of currency regimes on economic growth with emphasis on the role and intermediation of inflation in Iran in different business cycles. In this regard, using the Markov Switching method in the period 1340-1394, the objective has been ...
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The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of currency regimes on economic growth with emphasis on the role and intermediation of inflation in Iran in different business cycles. In this regard, using the Markov Switching method in the period 1340-1394, the objective has been studied.The estimation results show that the Iranian economy has three regimes, moderate growth and high economic growth, so that the moderate growth regime should use a fixed exchange rate regime، to increase economic growth by increasing stability and increasing investment. During the recession and in the range of -0.16 to 14% of inflation, the fixed system is suitable and in the rest of the floating-rate inflation rates it is suitable for economic growth by increasing the competitiveness of domestic products against foreign products that have been weakened due to inflation Estimated results for high growth period show that in the inflation range of 5 to 44%, the floating system has the best performance for economic growth due to increased competitiveness of domestic production against foreign products.
Babak Esmaeili
Abstract
This paper aims to study the non-linear and threshold effects of the macroeconomics variables on inflation in Iran's economy using the sequential seasonal periodic data from 1991 to 2018 based on the Soft Transition Regression (STR).In the developed model, the cash growth was selected as threshold variable ...
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This paper aims to study the non-linear and threshold effects of the macroeconomics variables on inflation in Iran's economy using the sequential seasonal periodic data from 1991 to 2018 based on the Soft Transition Regression (STR).In the developed model, the cash growth was selected as threshold variable with the approximate sum of 4.22 percent (17 percent a year) as the threshold limit. The results show that the linear approximation cannot satisfactorily explain the non-linear effects of the oil incomes and other variables in different regimes. In other words, the sequential non-linear pattern, having considered the regime changes and the changing indices during time, is better able to explain the inflation behavior in Iran’s economy in comparison with the linear pattern and can demonstrate the dynamics effects of the macro nominal and literal variables on inflation in Iran’s economy more comprehensively.The results show that, depending on the regime conditions, other macro variables such as current expenditures, construction expenditures and economic growth exacerbate inflation. Moreover, in high regime, the price level deviation from the long-term balanced relation, is a very significant factor in inflation acceleration, to such extent that inflation exorbitantly reacts to this gap. Gross domestic product and its hindrance have anti-inflammatory effects in most regimes.In different regimes the oil incomes have not had meaningful or significant effects on inflation, as it seems that the effect of this variable on inflation is controlled to a very great extent by other variables.According to the findings, it seems that cash growth is the most important factor of regime change in the relationship between inflation and other macro variables in the economy of Iran. The legislation authority, by controlling the cash growth and transferring it to the low growth regime, is able to abort or reduce the effect of many other variables such as current or construction expenditures.
Economic Growth
Hossien Amiri; Mohsen Salehi Komroudi; Mahnaz Pasban
Abstract
Macroeconomic conditions and the relationship of macroeconomic variables have a major impact on the economic performance of countries. Understanding these relationships helps policymakers manage macroeconomics better. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between economic growth, inflation, ...
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Macroeconomic conditions and the relationship of macroeconomic variables have a major impact on the economic performance of countries. Understanding these relationships helps policymakers manage macroeconomics better. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between economic growth, inflation, interest rate and exchange rate in selected Muslim countries (Bahrain, Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Kuwait, Oman and Qatar). Therefore Panel VAR method was used for this purpose. The study used panel data from selected countries over the period 2000–2016. According to the results, all variables are stationary and the model was stable. According to Granger causality results inflation rate, exchange rate and interest rate were the cause of economic growth; inflation rate, economic growth and exchange rate were the cause of economic growth rate; inflation rate, economic growth and interest rate were the cause of exchange rate and only inflation had not the Granger's causality. Exchange rate, interest rate, and inflation had positive effects on economic growth based on impulse-response functions. Exchange rate, interest rate, and economic growth had very short-term and negatively positive effects on themselves. Exchange rate, inflation and economic growth have had a negative effect on the interest rate. Finally, the effect of interest rate is unclear on exchange rate and inflation rate and economic growth had negative effect on economic growth.
s
Teymor Rahmani; Elnaz Bagherpur Oskoei
Volume 7, Issue 28 , September 2017, , Pages 71-82
Abstract
The effect of saving on investment and economic growth is an important issue in both economic theory and policy. Also, having high and stable economic growth is of importance for all economies. On the other hand, inflation and its adverse effects (especially on economic growth) is one of the main economic ...
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The effect of saving on investment and economic growth is an important issue in both economic theory and policy. Also, having high and stable economic growth is of importance for all economies. On the other hand, inflation and its adverse effects (especially on economic growth) is one of the main economic problems in many developing countries. This study examines the relationship between the rate of saving and economic growth in developing countries with low and high inflation rates. In other words, since there have been high inflation rates in some developing countries including Iran, we examine the developments in the saving rates and economic growth and the effect of inflation on their relationship. The hypothesis we test is that higher inflation cause the effect of saving on economic growth to be lower. For this purpose, a sample of a panel data for 67 developing countries over the time period 1995-2014 is used. Our empirical results imply that higher inflation has a negative significant effect on the relationship between the rate of saving and economic growth. In effect, our main finding is that the effect of the rate of saving on the economic growth is higher for developing countries with lower inflation rates.
Mahdi Fadaee; Morteza Derakhshan
Volume 5, Issue 18 , March 2015, , Pages 132-113
Abstract
Following the economic sanctions that have been imposed on Iran in the years after the Islamic Revolution, always economists were facing this question that; what is the effect of economic sanctions on different economic variables and how much is it? This study aims to analyze the effect of economic sanctions ...
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Following the economic sanctions that have been imposed on Iran in the years after the Islamic Revolution, always economists were facing this question that; what is the effect of economic sanctions on different economic variables and how much is it? This study aims to analyze the effect of economic sanctions as dummy variable on economic growth in Iran, using Indexing and weighting (determining the importance) of various sanctions that historically imposed on Iran. For this purpose, using time series data and Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, we analyze the effect of economic sanctions on economic growth from 1978 to 2013. Short-run estimation results show that in the short term weak sanctions had not significant effect on economic growth, but moderate and strong sanctions respectively with coefficients 0.0098 and 0.43, has had a negative effect on economic growth. Long-run estimation results show that in long term weak and strong sanctions had not significant impact on economic growth, but moderate sanctions with coefficient 0.024 has had a negative impact on economic growth. Finally error correction coefficient in model is - 0.407.
Ahmad Jafari Samimi; Mohammad Ali Ehsani; Amir Mansour Tehranchian; Saman Ghaderi
Volume 4, Issue 16 , November 2014, , Pages 40-21
Abstract
Keynesian economists has focused on three types of asymmetric effects of monetary policy: (a) asymmetry related to the direction of the monetary policy action (positive and negative), (b) asymmetry related to the size of the monetary policy action (large and small); and (c) asymmetry related to ...
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Keynesian economists has focused on three types of asymmetric effects of monetary policy: (a) asymmetry related to the direction of the monetary policy action (positive and negative), (b) asymmetry related to the size of the monetary policy action (large and small); and (c) asymmetry related to the phase of business cycle in place at the time at which this policy was adopted. This study based on third group, examines the asymmetric effects of monetary gap on inflation in high and low inflation employing a Markov switching regime and P-star model to explain the behavior of inflation in Iran during 1990Q2- 2011Q3. Also, due to the role of money in measuring money stock and monetary gap, simple sum and Divisia monetary aggregates have been used. The results show that the effects of monetary gaps in inflation regimes are not same and investigated asymmetric. Also, these effects in high inflation regimes are weaker than low inflation regimes that it is opposite with conventional view. This matter could be have the reasons as the interruptions of the monetary policy effects, the instability of money demand and more importantly, reduction in velocity of money due to the stagnation in Iran's economy and increase in speculative activities. It is suggested that the Central Bank design the appropriate policies with these regimes. Also, results show that Divisia compared simple sum monetary aggregates is more efficiently. Thus, it seems that Divisia monetary aggregates is a better proxy for examination of the role of money in macroeconomic policies.
Seyed Ebrahim Hoseininasab; Hatef Hazeri Niri
Volume 2, Issue 7 , September 2012, , Pages 80-67
Abstract
Measuring the economic effects of energy subsidy reform and determining how to apply protective measures to reduce its negative effects are the most essential steps in determining the conditions and scenarios of energy price reform. This paper evaluates the effects of energy subsidy reform on inflation ...
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Measuring the economic effects of energy subsidy reform and determining how to apply protective measures to reduce its negative effects are the most essential steps in determining the conditions and scenarios of energy price reform. This paper evaluates the effects of energy subsidy reform on inflation and GDP based on approved scenarios by Parliament in 2010 using standard computable general equilibrium (SCGE) model. The results show that reforming energy carrier’s subsidies without income redistribution will result in a significant fall in total production and employment and will lead to higher inflation. On the other hand, supportive government policies and income redistribution resulting from energy price reforms under various scenarios to producers and consumers considerably will compensate increased production costs and will decline the percent of unemployment and reduction in total production. In contrast, the increased liquidity resulting from redistribution increases the pressure of demand and inflation.
Hsiao's Causality
Mohammad Taher Ahmadi; Mohammad Ali Fallahi; Somayeh Khosravi
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2012, , Pages 234-203
Abstract
Interest as investment opportunity cost or cost of required credits in production process plays an important role in cost of goods manufactured. So it is expected that inflation rate might be affected by changes in interest rate. The present paper studies causality relation between changes in interest ...
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Interest as investment opportunity cost or cost of required credits in production process plays an important role in cost of goods manufactured. So it is expected that inflation rate might be affected by changes in interest rate. The present paper studies causality relation between changes in interest rate and inflation rate in countries of Mena. Quarterly data concerning interest and inflation rates were analyzed in 16 member countries in Mena in the period 1997-2008. Augmented Dicki-Foler and Philips structural failure tests were used to assess the reliability of time series data .To determine causality relation between two variables of interest and inflation, Granger and Hsiao's causality tests were utilized. The results obtained from Hsiao's and Granger causality tests indicate that the research hypothesis is supported only for Qatar and Djibouti. In other words, in both countries there is a causality relation from changes in interest rate to changes in inflation rate but there isn't such relation in other countries. Considering the results of research, it can be said that policy of reduced interest rate can't lead us toward the intended goal of controlling inflation rate
