mohammad hosein rostamian; Ahmad Salahmanesh; masoud khodapanah; behrouz Sadeghi Amroabadi
Abstract
Small and medium-sized enterprises are limited economic entities that provide the basis for economic development through the accumulation of micro-financial resources, entrepreneurship and connection with industries. These companies also play a vital role in economic growth, employment, wealth generation ...
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Small and medium-sized enterprises are limited economic entities that provide the basis for economic development through the accumulation of micro-financial resources, entrepreneurship and connection with industries. These companies also play a vital role in economic growth, employment, wealth generation and poverty reduction of countries. The purpose of this article is surveying the effects of SME credits on employment (a dynamic computable general equilibrium model). Data collection has done in library and field and using the data of Iranian Statistics Center. Information analysis has done in the form of a New Keynesian model of dynamically computable general equilibrium using GAMS software. To complete the research, this discussion has been considered for large enterprises comparatively and as an aspect research innovation. Results of employment creation analysis in small, medium and large enterprises show that employment creation rate during the period 2005-2012,according to the credit ceiling of 20, 30, 40 and 50 percent which is done by the government is ascendant.Therefore, it can be said that the amount of allocated credits has a direct effect on the productions of small, medium and large enterprises and, consequently, on employment creation. Due to the centralization of the integrated management system and the kind of government supports that provides to these types of enterprises, the rate of employment creation in large enterprises was more than small and medium enterprise
Ali Mohammadipour; Ali Salmanpourzonouz; Seyed Fakhreddin Fakhrhosseini
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of price shocks on selected energy carriers in household consumption basket and firm production functions (both supply and demand side of economy) simultaneously on macroeconomic of Iran. The stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model consisting ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of price shocks on selected energy carriers in household consumption basket and firm production functions (both supply and demand side of economy) simultaneously on macroeconomic of Iran. The stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model consisting of households, firms, foreign trade and government and central banks has been calibrated and simulated for the Iranian economy. The data related to the estimation of the research model were seasonally available for the period 1996-2006. The final model equations were linearized around the stable state using linearized stochastic equations by the method of Uhlig (1999: 40) as a spatially-state model in the Matlab programming environment. The results of the simulation and analysis of the model's immediate reaction functions show that all price shocks in selected energy carriers, while increasing production costs and creating inflationary conditions, reduce total consumption, total investment and total demand, and after reducing the production of non-oil products and total production, employment decreases. The results of variance analysis also show that most of the changes in employment (compared to production) are due to diesel fuel and electric shocks, respectively, so that 1,08 percent of employment changes (compared to non-oil production), due to diesel fuel shock and 1,01 percent due to electric shock. The severity of the adverse effects created at the employment level during the first 10 periods following the energy price shocks is significant, indicating the need to pay special attention to the unemployment rate when the subsidy targeting law is fully implemented.
s
Mohamad Mehdi zare shahneh; zahra nasrollahi; hojat parsa
Abstract
Human resources are considered as one of the pillars and key elements of the growth and development of each country. In this regard, women, as half of the population of the society, play a decisive role in advancing the goals of growth and development. So, first of all, it is necessary to consider this ...
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Human resources are considered as one of the pillars and key elements of the growth and development of each country. In this regard, women, as half of the population of the society, play a decisive role in advancing the goals of growth and development. So, first of all, it is necessary to consider this part of the society in planning and policy. Second, different policies can have different effects on the quantity and quality of their performance. One aspect of this discussion is how macroeconomic policies affect women's participation in the labor market and gender gaps in employment. Therefore, in this paper, the effects of monetary, fiscal and oil shocks on macroeconomic variables such as production, employment of women and men, total employment and gender inequality in the labor market are discussed, in the framework of a DSGE model. The results indicate that all shocks (monetary, fiscal and oil shocks) increase production, employment of women and men, and total employment. These shocks increase men's employment more than women's, and as a result, gender inequality in the labor market increases.
Monetary policy
Mohammad Lashkary; Mehdi Behname; maliheh hassani
Volume 6, Issue 23 , May 2016, , Pages 130-115
Abstract
Today in all countries one of the macroeconomic objectives is achieving an acceptable level of labor employment, for that must be regarded capacities and relative advantages for each of the economic sectors. Due to the importance and share of services sector of total employment and exchange rate volatility ...
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Today in all countries one of the macroeconomic objectives is achieving an acceptable level of labor employment, for that must be regarded capacities and relative advantages for each of the economic sectors. Due to the importance and share of services sector of total employment and exchange rate volatility in recent years in Iran; the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of real exchange rate uncertainty on employment for services sector in Iran from 1974 to 2012. The ARCH approach used for estimating real exchange rate uncertainty and ARDL model for employment pattern. According to research results, the real exchange rate uncertainty has a positive impact on employment in services sector in Iran; because the effect of real exchange rate uncertainty on employment in agricultural and industry sectors is negative. So the labor departed from agriculture and industry will transfer to services sector. Relationship between added value and per capita capital on employment in this sector is negative, that indicates labor and capital are replaced for each other in which capital replaced for labor in both short and long term. Import of services has positive effect and export of services has negative impact on employment in services sector.
Behzad Alipour; Mehdi Pedram; Soheila Mojadami
Volume 4, Issue 14 , May 2014, , Pages 74-63
Abstract
Employment is one of the triple basic factors of production i.e. land, labor, and capital; unlike other factors, labor cannot be stored, and this power will be lost if it cannot be used in production. Therefore, the necessity of the analysis of the employment is of special importance. The question of ...
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Employment is one of the triple basic factors of production i.e. land, labor, and capital; unlike other factors, labor cannot be stored, and this power will be lost if it cannot be used in production. Therefore, the necessity of the analysis of the employment is of special importance. The question of the involvement and the role of the State in the economy also has been one of the phenomena of interest to economists. The extent and the size of government and its effect on macroeconomic variables have a decisive role in the status of the economy. In this study, variables of government size, economic growth rate, the rate of inflation and the rate of private sector investment are as the explanatory variables, and the variable of employment is dependent variable in the form of a multiple variables regression. Finally the results of the model showed that size of government has a negative effect on employment, and the economic growth rate, the inflation rate and the rate of private sector investment have a positive effect on employment. The results of the estimation in period 1976 -2011 using the self-explanatory Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Bound Testing Approach devised by Pesaran, Shin and Smith, showed that our dynamic pattern goes towards the long term pattern. Also the results of the error correction model indicate that it is corrected from its long-term path in each period at a rate of 56%.
Mahdi Fadaee; Shayesteh Kazemi
Volume 3, Issue 9 , April 2013, , Pages 84-71
Abstract
One of the ways to create jobs is increasing the capacities of jobs through new investments. The aim of this research is to analyze the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on job creation in Iran. Thus, 1970-2010 statistical data have been used to survey the relationship between foreign ...
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One of the ways to create jobs is increasing the capacities of jobs through new investments. The aim of this research is to analyze the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on job creation in Iran. Thus, 1970-2010 statistical data have been used to survey the relationship between foreign direct investment and employment in a theoretical and experimental frame. By specifying an econometric model, the relations between the variables have been estimated by ARDL model. The results of research show that, foreign direct investment directly and meaningfully influences the economic growth to the extent that it improves the process of job creation opportunities in short run (0.1286) and long run (0.1261). Error correction coefficient (ECM) obtained in this model shows that in each period 10/2 percent of inequelibrium will justify and close to the long run imbalances. CUSUM and CUSUMSQ structural stability tests show that the estimated coefficients are stable over the period.
Batool Rafat; Saeedeh Beyk Zadeh
Volume 2, Issue 8 , December 2012, , Pages 22-9
Abstract
Economic integration is one of the most challenging issues of the countries in present time on which there are many disagreements. Investigating its effects and consequences from different views including, political, economic, social, and cultural aspects has attracted many scientists, economists, and ...
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Economic integration is one of the most challenging issues of the countries in present time on which there are many disagreements. Investigating its effects and consequences from different views including, political, economic, social, and cultural aspects has attracted many scientists, economists, and cultural workers across the world. These investigations need quantification and exertion of proper indices for measuring this phenomenon. By introducing globalization index of KOF, this paper tries to represent its effects on economic growth and employment rate among ECO, simultaneously. We use international data during 2001-2010 and gravity model was evaluated by panel data method in this paper. Also for simultaneous analysis, 2 SLS method was used. The results show that gross productions of ECO countries have had a positive and significant effect on the rate of bilateral trade among the countries . Trade effects on economic growth of their countries has been proved to be positive and significant as well. Employment had positive and significant effects on economic growth .
Mohammad Ali Falahi; Mohammad Hosein Hoseinzade Bahreini; Hasan Moghadam Nejad
Volume 2, Issue 8 , December 2012, , Pages 36-23
Abstract
Increasing productivity, as a way to reduce the gap between supply and demand and also as a factor to reduc the production costs and to increase the efficiency of resources use and the quality and competitiveness of products, is considerable for economists and policymakers. On the other hand, the ...
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Increasing productivity, as a way to reduce the gap between supply and demand and also as a factor to reduc the production costs and to increase the efficiency of resources use and the quality and competitiveness of products, is considerable for economists and policymakers. On the other hand, the reduction of unemployment is another challenge facing the countries of the world too. But the ambiguity to achieve both goals simultaneously has been appeared in the recent theoretical and empirical studies. The main question in this study is whether productivity enhancing, causes reduction in Iran's indusrial employment? to address this question, a multivariate structural VAR model, including industrial labor productivity, employment and CPI for the 1973-2007 period has been applied and the data gathered from APO, statistic center and central bank of Iran. Estimation of structural model is based on Blanchard-Quah decomposition approach. The results show that promoting productivity policies have little role and importance in the employment variations, thereby its size in reducing employment in the long run is negligible.
Seyed Ebrahim Hoseininasab; Hatef Hazeri Niri
Volume 2, Issue 7 , September 2012, , Pages 80-67
Abstract
Measuring the economic effects of energy subsidy reform and determining how to apply protective measures to reduce its negative effects are the most essential steps in determining the conditions and scenarios of energy price reform. This paper evaluates the effects of energy subsidy reform on inflation ...
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Measuring the economic effects of energy subsidy reform and determining how to apply protective measures to reduce its negative effects are the most essential steps in determining the conditions and scenarios of energy price reform. This paper evaluates the effects of energy subsidy reform on inflation and GDP based on approved scenarios by Parliament in 2010 using standard computable general equilibrium (SCGE) model. The results show that reforming energy carrier’s subsidies without income redistribution will result in a significant fall in total production and employment and will lead to higher inflation. On the other hand, supportive government policies and income redistribution resulting from energy price reforms under various scenarios to producers and consumers considerably will compensate increased production costs and will decline the percent of unemployment and reduction in total production. In contrast, the increased liquidity resulting from redistribution increases the pressure of demand and inflation.
