Rouollah abedkhani; Seyed Nematollah mousavi; Sharareh Majdzadeh Tabatabai
Abstract
Oil revenues and taxes, respectively, are the first and second sources of government revenues in Iran's economy, with changes in their volume having significant effects on production, employment and ultimately, economic growth, which are the major objectives of the economy. The purpose of this paper ...
Read More
Oil revenues and taxes, respectively, are the first and second sources of government revenues in Iran's economy, with changes in their volume having significant effects on production, employment and ultimately, economic growth, which are the major objectives of the economy. The purpose of this paper was to assess the effects of tax shock on macroeconomic variables in an oil economy with the DSGE model approach. Estimation of model parameters was performed using seasonal adjustment time series data for the period of 1989 to 2017. The results indicate that a short-term tax shock has a negative effect on macroeconomic variables such as economic growth and consumption, but in the long run, with an increase in tax revenue, GDP growth and, consequently, consumption and investment in the economy have increased. In addition, the results reflect the fact that the effect of oil revenues alone on economic growth is positive, but with the introduction of explanatory variables, the amount of capital accumulation, due to the effect of oil revenues on this variable (effective mechanisms), has been negative.
Economic Growth
mahnaz hoseinpur; kambiz hojabr kiani; fatemeh zandi; ali dehghani; khalil saeedi
Abstract
In this paper, firstly, the impact of government expenditure on economic growth in Iran (1980-2016) and MENA countries (2000-2016) is investigated using VAR and PVAR models. Further, the government expenditure multiplier are calculated and compared comparatively using the impulse response functions ...
Read More
In this paper, firstly, the impact of government expenditure on economic growth in Iran (1980-2016) and MENA countries (2000-2016) is investigated using VAR and PVAR models. Further, the government expenditure multiplier are calculated and compared comparatively using the impulse response functions of each model. At the end, the effect of each factor is investigated determining the government expenditure multiplier in separate models for Iran and selected countries of the MENA for a better analysis and a closer investigation of the subject. According to the literature, results indicate that: Firstly, the shock of government expenditure in MENA selected countries and Iran, together, led to a relatively strong increase in economic growth. Secondly, in developing countries such as the countries of MENA region, especially in Iran, government- expenditure multipliers were smaller than one and close to zero. The government expenditure multiplier in MENA selected countries is more than Iran in short-term, but in the long run, the government expenditure mulitiplier, in Iran is larger than MENA selected countries. Thirdly, trade openness, public debt, and savings rate both in MENA and in Iran reduce the government expenditure multiplier, but unemployment and financial development increase the multiplier. Public debt has the most impact on the Iranian government expenditure multiplier and trade openness has the most impact in MENA expenditure multiplier.
توسعه مالی
seyed mohamad reza sharifi; ali haghighat; Mehrzad Ebrahimi; abbas aminifard
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of financial development and tax on the size of the underground economy. The importance of this is because the large size of the underground economy of the three channels has a negative impact on the economy, first the diversion of economic data; second, ...
Read More
The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of financial development and tax on the size of the underground economy. The importance of this is because the large size of the underground economy of the three channels has a negative impact on the economy, first the diversion of economic data; second, the ineffectiveness and effectiveness of the state's economic policies; and third, because of the possibility of escaping Tax payments and non-compliance with legal requirements in the underground economy are in the interests of national interests, producers and households. Therefore, any policy that leads to a smaller underground economy is key. In this research, a model (TVP-FAVAR) with the aim of investigating the effect of financial development and tax evasion on the underground economy of Iran along with other related variables has been specified. For this purpose, time series data were used in the period 1350 to 1394 and two tools of instantaneous and cumulative response functions. The results of this study indicate that the underground economy's dynamics in response to the financial development shock has been a decreasing trend and increasing terms of tax evasion shock.
neda Asadollahzadeh Jafari; Bahar Hafezi; sayedmohsen Khalifehsoltani
Abstract
Most of businesses financing in the country done by the banking network and banking network play a very important role in achieving macroeconomic goals. Accordingly, in the present study, the effect of fluctuations of asset markets (exchange rate, oil price and stock market index) on financial instability ...
Read More
Most of businesses financing in the country done by the banking network and banking network play a very important role in achieving macroeconomic goals. Accordingly, in the present study, the effect of fluctuations of asset markets (exchange rate, oil price and stock market index) on financial instability index over a period of 2009-2018 monthly is investigated by using the Markov Switching model. The wavelet transform model is used to extract exchange rate fluctuations, oil prices and stock market index. The results show that the effect of exchange rate fluctuations in different regimes and different time periods is different, so that in the short run the exchange rate fluctuations in the high regime of the financial instability index have a different effect than the other periods. Oil price fluctuations have a positive and significant effect in the medium- and long-term periods and in all regimes, and this effect will be stronger in the long run. Also, fluctuations in the stock market have a negative and significant effect only in the short run and under conditions of low regime of financial instability index. These results show that fluctuations have different effects with respect to time period as well as level of financial instability. Therefore, the management of foreign exchange rate and stock markets should take into the account of financial instability level and the timeframe for fluctuations.
total factor productivity of production؛
samira motaghi
Abstract
The current research aims to investigate the effectiveness of scientific innovation on the productivity of the labor force in Islamic countries with the use of health as a mediating variable with an analytical approach. In this study, data panel and Eviews 13 software were used, which examines and analyzes ...
Read More
The current research aims to investigate the effectiveness of scientific innovation on the productivity of the labor force in Islamic countries with the use of health as a mediating variable with an analytical approach. In this study, data panel and Eviews 13 software were used, which examines and analyzes independent variables on labor productivity during the period of 2010-2022. The variables examined in this research include per capita physical capital, technology, innovation, education, health care expenses, and life expectancy. The variable index of physical and human capital, respectively, is the calculation of net capital formation on the number of employees and the average years of education, which has a positive effect on labor productivity, as well as the index of the number of articles published in scientific and technical journals as a substitute for the variable of innovation and technology export. Advanced, which is a representative for the technology variable, and the index related to health measurement, which life expectancy and health cost per capita is considered as a substitute for the level of health and health, with its improvement, it increases the level of productivity of the labor force. . The results of the research show that all the variables used in the research have a positive and significant effect on the growth of labor productivity in the group of Islamic countries.
Economic Growth
Abbas Ali . Rezaei.; Ali Raeispour; Mohsen Zayandehroodi; Seyyed Abdolmajid Jalaee
Abstract
Purchasing power parity remains an important issue for scholars in the international Economics. The validity of this theory is important not only for empirical studies but also for policy makers. The PPP theory express that due to arbitrage in the international commodity market, the real exchange rate ...
Read More
Purchasing power parity remains an important issue for scholars in the international Economics. The validity of this theory is important not only for empirical studies but also for policy makers. The PPP theory express that due to arbitrage in the international commodity market, the real exchange rate is expected to return to its equilibrium level in the long run. Finally, the researchers concluded that one of the major macroeconomic issues that has been linked to many political debates is the exchange rate, which is a non-linear real exchange rate behavior. Given the importance of the subject in this study, we decided to investigate the asymmetric measurement of purchasing power parity test using nonlinear auto regressive distributed lag model. In this context, Iran's purchasing power parity with Japan, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Britain and the United States was examined during the period from 1981 to 2017. The results show that in the long run, price shocks have an asymmetric effect on purchasing power parity in Japan, Saudi Arabia, and the United States, while they are symmetric in Norway and the United Kingdom. Moreover, in the short run, price shocks in Japan and Saudi Arabia will have an asymmetric effect on purchasing power parity, while the effect of price shocks in Norway, England and the US on purchasing power parity will be rejected in the short run.
Hamid Reza Amini Komijani; Abolfazl Farahani; Mahmood Goodarzi; Leila Ghorbani
Abstract
The aim was to develop a paradigm model of sustainable development of sports tourism in Iran based on upstream documents. The study is fundamental and exploratory, which was performed by documentary method and qualitative content analysis using grounded theory method. The content analysis started with ...
Read More
The aim was to develop a paradigm model of sustainable development of sports tourism in Iran based on upstream documents. The study is fundamental and exploratory, which was performed by documentary method and qualitative content analysis using grounded theory method. The content analysis started with the constitution and 9 upstream documents were analyzed until the subject saturation was reached. Axial coding formed 319 open codes, 83 sub-categories and 26 main categories, and the formation of a communication network between them determined the central phenomenon, causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences. The sustainable development of sports tourism was chosen as the central phenomenon and the model was compiled by communicating with other main categories. Causal conditions including the independence of the government budget from public wealth and anthropological foundations, background conditions including social considerations, stakeholder participation, policy and planning and resistance economy, intervening conditions including desirable governance, Iranian-Islamic culture and identity, national and international solidarity, financing, the structure of society, sense of place and attention to historical requirements were in development. Strategies include marketing, infrastructure development of welfare and accommodation services, transportation management, management of sports tourism facilities and businesses, environmental management, management and training of tourism human resources, protection of sports tourism resources, and management of science, technology and innovation. And the outcomes included "sustainability of environment, natural resources and energy", development of peace, balanced development, and well-being of the host community. The developed model can be implemented using legal protection
Monetary policy
Seyed Ahmad Reza Alavi; Mahnaz Rabiei; fatemeh zandi; Abdollah Davani
Abstract
Since the infrastructure of growth and development has not been formed in the developing and oil-producing countries, and also the private sector does not have the power to operate in this field due to institutional reasons, weak financial and sometimes technical ability, among the factors affecting ...
Read More
Since the infrastructure of growth and development has not been formed in the developing and oil-producing countries, and also the private sector does not have the power to operate in this field due to institutional reasons, weak financial and sometimes technical ability, among the factors affecting macroeconomic indicators. In these countries, government spending is more important, which affects the general planning process regarding the allocation of consumption and capital budgets to each of the economic activities. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of consumption and capital spending impulses the government is under Taylor's two rules of money and the growth of the money supply. To achieve this goal, a general equilibrium model of stochastic dynamics based on the new Keynesian view has been designed using the available information and statistics of Iran's economy during the period of 1991-2020 according to the realities of Iran's economy. Comparing the results obtained from the simulation in two separate models shows that there is not much difference between the interest rate tool and the growth rate of money to influence the variables of the real sector of the economy. On the other hand, in order to influence the non-real variables in the face of the mentioned impulses, the growth rate of the money volume has performed better than the interest rate.
Ali Mohammadipour; Ali Salmanpourzonouz; Seyed Fakhreddin Fakhrhosseini
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of price shocks on selected energy carriers in household consumption basket and firm production functions (both supply and demand side of economy) simultaneously on macroeconomic of Iran. The stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model consisting ...
Read More
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of price shocks on selected energy carriers in household consumption basket and firm production functions (both supply and demand side of economy) simultaneously on macroeconomic of Iran. The stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model consisting of households, firms, foreign trade and government and central banks has been calibrated and simulated for the Iranian economy. The data related to the estimation of the research model were seasonally available for the period 1996-2006. The final model equations were linearized around the stable state using linearized stochastic equations by the method of Uhlig (1999: 40) as a spatially-state model in the Matlab programming environment. The results of the simulation and analysis of the model's immediate reaction functions show that all price shocks in selected energy carriers, while increasing production costs and creating inflationary conditions, reduce total consumption, total investment and total demand, and after reducing the production of non-oil products and total production, employment decreases. The results of variance analysis also show that most of the changes in employment (compared to production) are due to diesel fuel and electric shocks, respectively, so that 1,08 percent of employment changes (compared to non-oil production), due to diesel fuel shock and 1,01 percent due to electric shock. The severity of the adverse effects created at the employment level during the first 10 periods following the energy price shocks is significant, indicating the need to pay special attention to the unemployment rate when the subsidy targeting law is fully implemented.
Monetary policy
Mohammad Lashkary
Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2012, , Pages 105-79
Abstract
The subject of this research is the impact of monetary variables on economic growth in Iran. There is a dispute among economists about the impact of monetary variables on actual ones. Some believe that change in money volume affects only the nominal production and does not have any effect on actual variables ...
Read More
The subject of this research is the impact of monetary variables on economic growth in Iran. There is a dispute among economists about the impact of monetary variables on actual ones. Some believe that change in money volume affects only the nominal production and does not have any effect on actual variables of economy such as actual employment, actual production, and actual economic growth. The others claim, since there is monetary misgiving in economic factors the monetary variables can also influence the actual ones in short run and even long run and escalate the economic growth. The current research investigates different economic theories in this realm and tests them by applying existing information and statistics. This is an analytical and empirical research because it analyses events by experimental observations in several statistical models. On the other hand, it is a comparative study because, in the second section pertaining to the application of economics of money theories and model selection, it applies a model to measure the impact of money volume on economic variables. A descriptive method used in this research. This paper scrutinizes neutrality or non-neutrality of money during a period of 1338 to 1387 solar years in Iran with a monetarists’ approach. Findings show that there is not a significant relationship between money volume and actual economic variables, production and employment, in total and monestary policies are neutral in Iran. Gross domestic product in Iran does not fluctuate intensively except recent years and it has a normal direction. Unemployment rate fluctuates highly and is not normal.
Mirfarhad Sadigh Mohammadi; Ahmad Sarlak; Seyyed Abbas Najafizadeh; Mohammad Hassanzadeh
Abstract
Exchange rate as an interface between domestic and foreign economies, is one of the most important macroeconomic variables. Thus, exchange rate shocks can affect the income, consumption expenditure, and eventually, welfare of households via affecting export and import prices in combination with domestic ...
Read More
Exchange rate as an interface between domestic and foreign economies, is one of the most important macroeconomic variables. Thus, exchange rate shocks can affect the income, consumption expenditure, and eventually, welfare of households via affecting export and import prices in combination with domestic prices. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of exchange rate shocks on the welfare of households in Iran using equivalent variation (EV) and compensating variation (CV) criteria. Due to the strengths of computable general equilibrium (CGE) models compared to single-equation models, we have calibrated a standard CGE model based on social accounting matrix (SAM) for the year 2011, and have compared changes in the welfare of urban and rural households via simulation of the exchange rate increase. The results show that exchange rate increase lowers the welfare of urban and rural households, and this effect is stronger for urban households than rural households. Stronger exchange rate shocks lead to greater welfare losses. Therefore, differences in welfare loss between urban and rural households must be taken into account in plans and protective measures aimed to mitigate the negative impacts of exchange rate shocks.
Erfaneh Rasekh; Fariba Abedy
Volume 1, Issue 2 , January 2012, , Pages 112-95
Abstract
Relationship between economic growth and export growth from the perspective of macro economic and political issues is important. gricultural exports have a significant share of non-oil exports which enjoy a remarkable position in exchange. According to the importance of agriculture sector, in this study ...
Read More
Relationship between economic growth and export growth from the perspective of macro economic and political issues is important. gricultural exports have a significant share of non-oil exports which enjoy a remarkable position in exchange. According to the importance of agriculture sector, in this study important and efficient factors of growth & development of agriculture sector are investigated and then the side and influence of each variable is estimated and analyzed by using econometrics and statistical time series techniques. So Feder applied model estimation is chosen. The model is estimated by Co-integration techniques and error correction mechanism using time series data (1355-1388). The results show that agriculture export index has a positive influence on added value index in this sector.
Farzaneh Chaharband; Farshad Momeni
Volume 1, Issue 4 , December 2012, , Pages 116-75
Abstract
The main input of the knowledge based economy (KBE) is knowledge and its application. This model requires an authentic fundamental knowledge and preparations in which the effective human capital has the main weight. So the main subject of this research is that, under conditions in which the global economic ...
Read More
The main input of the knowledge based economy (KBE) is knowledge and its application. This model requires an authentic fundamental knowledge and preparations in which the effective human capital has the main weight. So the main subject of this research is that, under conditions in which the global economic relations are knowledge oriented, importing technologies, expanding the tertiary education and following developed countries policies, without considering the infrastructure of KBE, cannot be the proper solution for developing countries. As education has always had close relationship with economic development, education in general and basic education in specific has been considered as essential ways to operate in this new model and also as one the main pillars in KBE. “Development in basic education has direct relationship with the development of KBE index” is our hypothesis. In this survey a descriptive- analytical and also cause and effect procedures have been chosen to deal with key definitions of this era. Then, using the World Bank knowledge based economy measurement (Knowledge assessment measurement-KAM), the status of knowledge economy index (KEI) in Iran for the years 1995-2009, will be investigated. According to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the function in Iran in the field of providing a kind of basic education which can be a mean to KBE, has been weak. This weakness has reasons such as a rentier atmosphere, lack of attention toward the importance of basic education in comparison to tertiary education in macro planning and improper strategies in the field of education. So having educational adjustments from basic to higher education, developing core competencies and establishing an effective and continuous relation between basic education, higher education and labor market can lead to an improvement of an institutional framework and of course achieving to KBE.
Gholamreza Mesbahi Moghadam; Hossein Meisami; Mohsen Abdollahi; Mehdi Ghaemi Asl
Volume 2, Issue 5 , March 2012, , Pages 130-91
Abstract
Introducing Waqf as an Islamic economic institution, this paper proposes a native model for the establishment of micro finance institutes in Iran and highlights the financing sources and allocation ways for them. In addition, it examines the Fiqh economic establishment possibility of such institutions ...
Read More
Introducing Waqf as an Islamic economic institution, this paper proposes a native model for the establishment of micro finance institutes in Iran and highlights the financing sources and allocation ways for them. In addition, it examines the Fiqh economic establishment possibility of such institutions in the country. After all, the characteristics and potencies of such Islamic micro finance institutions are evaluated and some lights are shed on the probable challenges they might face and solutions are looked for these challenges. The findings of this study, which are based upon theoretical analyses, show that the institution of Waqf in Islamic economic system has the Fiqh economic potential to be used as a financial source for Islamic micro finance institutions
Globalization
Samad Aziznejad; Fathollah Tari; Seyed Mohammad Reza Seydnourani
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2012, , Pages 133-99
Abstract
Import, which is the basis for significant effects on economics, is influenced by various factors that are essential to be recognized and examined. One of the issues that can influence the demand for import in each country is joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) which can, in fact, affect the demand ...
Read More
Import, which is the basis for significant effects on economics, is influenced by various factors that are essential to be recognized and examined. One of the issues that can influence the demand for import in each country is joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) which can, in fact, affect the demand for import through strategies such as decreasing tariff rates and increasing the extent of mergers in international commerce and relative prices (domestic and foreign prices). In this regard, and considering the high proportion of capital and intermediate commodities in the total import of the country, this article evaluates the effects of Iran joining WTO on the import of capital-intermediate commodities, using Vector AutoRegressive method using the data during 1971-2008. The findings of the study reveal that at long term, the import of such commodities has had high sensitivity towards international commerce and merger in international economies and little sensitivity towards tariff rates and relative prices during the above-mentioned period. The findings of both long-term and short-term periods confirm each other. Also the impulse response function and variance decomposition analyses show that the effect of one standard error which shocks involvement in import demand of studied goods, is approached to zero in three years and integration of international trade is most effective on variations of that demand.
Mohammad Vaez Borzani Vaez Borzani; Mohammad Hasan Moshref Javadi; Azam Koohi Esfahani
Volume 2, Issue 6 , May 2012, , Pages 148-95
Abstract
Each country would follow an economic paradigm which is constructed on ethical values and epistemological foundations. Taking lessons from existing vast amount of theoretical and empirical researches in neoclassic paradigm and taking views on consistency of it with Islamic doctrine can appear as a road ...
Read More
Each country would follow an economic paradigm which is constructed on ethical values and epistemological foundations. Taking lessons from existing vast amount of theoretical and empirical researches in neoclassic paradigm and taking views on consistency of it with Islamic doctrine can appear as a road map to catch Iran an economic development. In this paper, the consistency between Neoclassic and Islamic Paradigms in three fields - implicit assumptions, explicit assumptions, and development mechanisms- have been compared by the use of content analysis method. The results show that, against specific aspects, there is no basic consistency between Neoclassic and Islamic Paradigms..
Economic Growth
aliasghar baharloo; Syed Abdulmajid Jalaee Esfandabadi; Mohsen Zayandeh Roodi
Abstract
Considering the role of capital as one of the most important factors which can affect production, job creation, and productive activities, this study was an attempt to investigate factors which can influence investment and the way they do so. To this end, this study benefitted from a dynamic computable ...
Read More
Considering the role of capital as one of the most important factors which can affect production, job creation, and productive activities, this study was an attempt to investigate factors which can influence investment and the way they do so. To this end, this study benefitted from a dynamic computable general equilibrium model approach to simulate the effects of technology spillovers on economic and welfare variables involved in the investment of Iranian private sector in the country's economy. Accordingly, the study focused on changes in the production index of different economic sectors of Iran and changes in the consumption and price levels in the form of four different scenarios, namely doubling foreign direct investment, improving productivity through technology spillovers by using a coefficient of 0.0062, increasing import of capital and intermediate goods by 20%, and simultaneous application of the aforementioned three scenarios by using the 2013 Social Accounting Matrix for Iran. the results revealed, application of the first scenario can lead to an increase in the level of private sector investment in all the 14 sectors of Iran's economy and cause production growth. Moreover, application of the third scenario can cause the investment level of private sector to decrease. Finally, consideration of the fourth scenario, as compared to the other three scenarios, can be accompanied by a more considerable increase in the levels of production, private sector investment, household consumption, export, import, and thus households' welfare.
ا
Mehdi Hoseinpour Naderi; Fateme Alijani
Abstract
The agriculture sector has still a significant share of Iranian economy. Therefore, job creation in agriculture sector is important. For this purpose, it is necessary to identify the determinants of agricultural growth. One of these factors is bank credit that According to some economic theories, it ...
Read More
The agriculture sector has still a significant share of Iranian economy. Therefore, job creation in agriculture sector is important. For this purpose, it is necessary to identify the determinants of agricultural growth. One of these factors is bank credit that According to some economic theories, it increases employment. Some economists believe that the type of bank ownership (state or private) impact on this relationship. Some believe that the credits of state banks cause more jobs but the others disagree. Therefore, it is necessary for researches to answer these questions: What role does the type of ownership of banks play in the effectiveness of bank credits? In this regard, the study aims to examine the impact of bank credit on agricultural employment emphasized the role of bank ownership. For this purpose, the ARDL and Fuzzy-ARDL method is used. The used quarterly data cover winter 2009 to spring 2018. The findings of the research show that the overall effect of bank credits is positive, but the credits granted by state banks have a greater impact on the employment of the agricultural sector compared to the credits of private banks. This finding is in accordance with the opinion of the advocates of state interference in granting bank credit. In addition, investment has a positive effect and wage has a negative effect on employment.
Economic Growth
Ahmed falih Abd Alhasan Alsaedi; Mohammad Taher Ahmadi Shadmehri
Abstract
Oil is considered to be one of the most important sources of national wealth in the world, and recently, its price has fluctuated a lot, putting dependent oil-exporting countries at risk of economic instability. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the potential asymmetric effects of crude ...
Read More
Oil is considered to be one of the most important sources of national wealth in the world, and recently, its price has fluctuated a lot, putting dependent oil-exporting countries at risk of economic instability. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the potential asymmetric effects of crude oil price fluctuations on real GDP growth in two neighboring Middle Eastern countries (Iran and Iraq). In this study, deviation from the average is considered as crude oil price fluctuations, and to estimate the long-term and short-term asymmetric effects of crude oil price fluctuations on the economic growth of two oil-exporting countries (Iran and Iraq) with two models, one and two, the approach of the autoregressive model with non-linear distribution breaks (NARDL) and the annual data of 1990-2022 were used. Asymmetric analysis provides significant results regarding the difference in economic growth responses to positive and negative crude oil price shocks. In the case of Iran, the response of real GDP to a positive oil shock is larger than to a negative oil shock in the long run. The results showed that although the increase in the price of oil in the short term increases the economic growth of Iran, the increase in the price of oil in the long term reduces the real growth of Iran. In addition, the negative shock of oil in the short and long term will reduce Iran's economic growth.
Income inequality
Zahra Sadeghi Motamed; abolfazl shahabadi; hamid kordbacheh
Abstract
In the past, the role of physical capital in the production process and subsequent economic development was much more important than other factors of production, and at that time, theories were put forward that stated that inequality through the accumulation of physical capital could accelerate the process ...
Read More
In the past, the role of physical capital in the production process and subsequent economic development was much more important than other factors of production, and at that time, theories were put forward that stated that inequality through the accumulation of physical capital could accelerate the process of economic development. In the present era, knowledge is known as a source of wealth for societies, and the role of new factors of production is very important in the production function, and on the other hand, the centrality of new factors of production is human. Therefore, studying the determinants of income inequality is essential. The present study, using the GMM proposed by Blondel and Bond, examined the interaction effect of globalization and natural resource rents on income inequality in a group of selected countries during 2008-2020.The results of the study indicate that the mutual impact of globalization and natural resource rents on income inequality was positive and significant. It is suggested that by adopting a strategy of transforming natural resources into sustainable and productive capital, while strengthening the economic structure for an effective presence in the global economy by creating a stable income stream, it is possible to finance support policies. Also, according to the results, the impact of gender inequality on income inequality was positive and significant. The impact of democracy on income inequality was negative and significant, and the impact of institutions on income inequality was negative and meaningless.
Roya Eshraghi Samani; Monireh Alizadeh; Marjan Vahedi
Volume 6, 23(2) , September 2016, , Pages 72-65
Abstract
The current study is a descriptive survey study conducted to investigat challenges of developing organic agriculture in Ilam Province from the viewpoint of experts of agricultural jihad. Statistical population of the study included 264 experts of agricultural jihad in Ilam Province. Through Morgan ...
Read More
The current study is a descriptive survey study conducted to investigat challenges of developing organic agriculture in Ilam Province from the viewpoint of experts of agricultural jihad. Statistical population of the study included 264 experts of agricultural jihad in Ilam Province. Through Morgan and Takman table sample size was estimated to be 150 people. Sampling was also carried out through stratified random sampling method with appropriate assignment. Research instrument was a researcher made questionnaire which face and content validities were confirmed by respective professors’ judgments. In addition reliability of this instrument was determined through calculating Cronbach alpha coefficient (0.91). Data analysis was carried out through utilizing SPSS software version 20 using both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of factor analysis. Results of factor analysis led to identify five factors including extension -educational challenges, economic challenges, management challenges, psycho-cultural challenges, and supportive challenges that explain 75.08 percent of the variance. Extension -educational challenges as the first factor with the special value of 2. 631 explains the largest portion (21.62 percent) and support challenges with special value of 1.306 explains the smallest portion (10. 88 percent) of the total variance.
Hasan Heidari; Hamidreza Faaljou; Elmnaz Nazariyan; Yousef Mohammadzadeh
Volume 3, Issue 11 , September 2013, , Pages 74-57
Abstract
There are several studies that show social capital and health capital have impressive effect on economic growth. On the other hand, many researches in the health and community field, prove close relationship between social capital and health capital. So, this study examines and evaluates the health and ...
Read More
There are several studies that show social capital and health capital have impressive effect on economic growth. On the other hand, many researches in the health and community field, prove close relationship between social capital and health capital. So, this study examines and evaluates the health and social capital effects and also their interaction effects on economic growth in the Middle East countries for 1990-2010 period using panel data and LS (EGLS) and 2SLS(EGLS). Data of study, extracted from WDI, UNDP, PWT and WGI statistical reports. Results show, not only health and social capital have impressive effect on economic growth, but also their interactions -given that social capital improves physical and mental health indicators- have significant effect on economic growth. As well as, public health improves the social indicators, and therefore has a double effect on the growth and economic development.
Solaleh Tavassoli; Parisa Mohajeri
Volume 8, Issue 29 , December 2017, , Pages 77-96
Abstract
There is no doubt that improving the level of social welfare, meeting the basic needs and achieving to high economic growth rate are the important aims of policy makers. On one hand, coinciding with the year in which codification and approval of 6th development program is on the agenda of parliament ...
Read More
There is no doubt that improving the level of social welfare, meeting the basic needs and achieving to high economic growth rate are the important aims of policy makers. On one hand, coinciding with the year in which codification and approval of 6th development program is on the agenda of parliament and government and on the other hand, lack of financial resources may lead to policy makers have encountered with the issue of identifying key sectors and evaluating importance of economic sectors. In this paper, for the first time we have studied the consequences of 10 percent shutdown in the health sector supply on output and value added of other sectors. For answering this question, we have applied partial extraction method which proposed by Dietzenbacher and Lahr (2013). In addition, we have investigated the dependency of health sector on other economic sectors by means of 10 percent partial extraction of sector’s supplies. Updated domestic Input-Output Tables in 2011 which aggregated in 19 sectors is the basis of calculation. The results show that first; the economy’s total value added was decreased 0,43 percent due to partial extraction (10 percent) of health sector. Second, public and private health sectors in comparison with other subsectors of health are more important because, the total value added of the economy was diminished 0,03 and 0,02 percent because of the reduction in their deliveries. Third, following partial extraction of health sector and its subsectors, the largest decreases in value added take place in the medical instruments, water, electrics and gas, other services and business services while public affairs and education and oil and gas, had the least changes in the value added that reflected low dependency of mentioned sectors on health sector. Fourth, the health sector is most dependent on the manufacturing sector and its value added decreased 0,3 percent by partial extraction on manufacturing sector.
Heshmatollah Asgari; Roohollah Noor Mohammadi
Volume 5, 17(3) , December 2015, , Pages 78-71
Abstract
Considering the highly importance of the agricultural sector in the provincial economy of Ilam and the emergence of awareness of demands for the forms of energy in the mentioned sector, as well as awareness of the price liberalization policies applied on the forms of energy, the present study aims to ...
Read More
Considering the highly importance of the agricultural sector in the provincial economy of Ilam and the emergence of awareness of demands for the forms of energy in the mentioned sector, as well as awareness of the price liberalization policies applied on the forms of energy, the present study aims to investigate the demands for the major energy consumptions in the agricultural sectors. The aim of this study is to determine the influencing factors on energy consumption patterns; and to determine the complementary and altering energy relations, using the estimating demand for different forms of energy. This study applies the Almost Ideal Demand System to estimate the elasticity of the forms of energy. The achieved results exhibit the adversity and conformity of all the energy own-price elasticities to the demand theory. Results on the cross elasticity indicate to large extant identical in both restricted and unrestricted cases and to some extant low for the cross elasticity between the forms of energy. Moreover, the results indicate positive and less than one for the income elasticity of energy in the restricted case, that are considered as an essential commodity.
Economic Growth
Mehdi Khodaei; Mohammad Jafari; Shahram Fattahi
Volume 8, Issue 31 , June 2018, , Pages 79-92
Abstract
Macro-economic relationship between fiscal policy and economic growth has long been considered by economists. In this study to evaluate the more accurate effect of the government's fiscal policy in the economy, using quarterly data for the years 1988 to 2016, a factor-augmented vector autoregressive ...
Read More
Macro-economic relationship between fiscal policy and economic growth has long been considered by economists. In this study to evaluate the more accurate effect of the government's fiscal policy in the economy, using quarterly data for the years 1988 to 2016, a factor-augmented vector autoregressive (FAVAR) model with time varying parameter model (TVP) in Iran's economy has been modeling. The variables of GDP growth, investment growth, inflation, exchange rates, the growth of private consumption expenditure and latent variable of government fiscal policies are used in model. Based on results the effects of fiscal policy on economic growth in the whole period is positive and investment increased the rate of economic growth. Also the additive positive effects of fiscal policy on the unofficial exchange rate has increased over time. In addition, the effect of fiscal policy on inflation is positive, so that the additive effect in economic prosperity period is more. Finally, the effect of fiscal policy on private sector spending is negative. Results of this study show changes in relationships between variables over time and also indicate that economic conditions of the country affects the impacts of independent variables.
