Economic Growth
Behnam Ebrahimi; Mohammad Vaez Barzani; Rahim Dallali Esfahani; Majid Fakhar
Volume 6, Issue 22 , January 2016, , Pages 84-71
Abstract
It’s expected, theoretically, that financial development, facilitates allocation of resources to most-productive uses and thereby fosters economic growth. Nonetheless, some opponent theories and evidences, implies that financial development may has different and to some extent antonym effects on ...
Read More
It’s expected, theoretically, that financial development, facilitates allocation of resources to most-productive uses and thereby fosters economic growth. Nonetheless, some opponent theories and evidences, implies that financial development may has different and to some extent antonym effects on economic growth in different situations. Specifically, qualitative financial development (financial innovations), in addition to augmenting economic efficiency, could result in regulatory arbitrage (financial institutions efforts to sidestep regulatory restrictions in order to gain more profits) which, in turn, distorts fundamental economic variables from optimum levels and thereby affects economic growth negatively. In this study, we use a semi-parametric model, based on a monetary/financial economic growth model, and data from Iran economy for the period of 1990-2012 to empirically evaluate the effect of unexpected occurrence of financial innovation on capital formation. According to results of the study, qualitative financial development would scale down capital formation and economic growth. Additionally, results reveal that regulated reserve requirements in Iran might be at their optimal level.
Economic Growth
samad hekmati farid; Yosef Mohamad zadeh; Diman Khazali
Volume 6, Issue 22 , January 2016, , Pages 130-119
Abstract
The aim of this paper is investigating the effect of business regulations and intellectual property rights on economic performance. More precisely, we attempt to examine this issue for a sample of 46 middle and upper middle income countries over the period 2004-2013. We use the World Bank Doing Business ...
Read More
The aim of this paper is investigating the effect of business regulations and intellectual property rights on economic performance. More precisely, we attempt to examine this issue for a sample of 46 middle and upper middle income countries over the period 2004-2013. We use the World Bank Doing Business indicators as measures of business regulations and panel data model is used for data analyses.
The results show that foreign direct investment, fixed capital formation, good governance (role of law and political stability), intellectual property rights and doing business (starting a business, dealing with construction permits, and getting credit) indexes have the positive and significant effect on economic growth in selected middle and upper middle income countries.
Economic Growth
mohammad rezaei; Kazem Yavari; Morteza Ezzati; Mansour Etesami
Volume 6, Issue 22 , January 2016, , Pages 144-131
Abstract
This paper examines the effect of oil resource abundance on economic growth through the budget and external sector imbalances. The three equations -that have been extracted from theoretical explanation-estimated simultaneously, using 3SLS for the period 1973-2012. We find negative effects of non-oil ...
Read More
This paper examines the effect of oil resource abundance on economic growth through the budget and external sector imbalances. The three equations -that have been extracted from theoretical explanation-estimated simultaneously, using 3SLS for the period 1973-2012. We find negative effects of non-oil budget deficit and non-oil trade deficit on economic growth. According to the estimations, budget deficit has caused the trade deficit, but the reverse is not true. So, it can be said twin deficit hypothesis is not confirmed. The effect of oil revenues and real exchange rate on non-oil trade deficit is negative and significant. Government spending has a positive effect on the budget deficit that is consistent with theoretical expectations. The impact of oil revenues on the non-oil trade deficit is positive and significant. In general, it can be said that although the impact of oil revenues on economic growth is positive, these incomes decrease economic growth through the exacerbate imbalances such as budget deficits and trade deficits.
Economic Growth
Hassan Heidari; asall sadeghpour
Volume 6, Issue 21 , November 2015, , Pages 28-11
Abstract
This study uses data from the eight largest Islamic countries known as D-8 for the period 2000 to 2013 concerns to assess the effect of tourism, energy consumption and political instability on economic growth. To address the objective of this study, we utilize both the static panel data approach as well ...
Read More
This study uses data from the eight largest Islamic countries known as D-8 for the period 2000 to 2013 concerns to assess the effect of tourism, energy consumption and political instability on economic growth. To address the objective of this study, we utilize both the static panel data approach as well as the dynamic generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator to examine the impact of candidate variables. Our results show that energy consumption and tourism significantly contribute to the economic growth of countries in the D-8 region. Hence, our study lends some support to the existence of the tourism-led growth and energy-led growth hypotheses in the region. In line with our expectation, our estimation results also reveal that political instability impedes the process of economic growth and development in the D-8 countries. There fore, it should be take serious action in these countries to overcome political instability and attract international tourists to boost economic growth. Since energy consumption has the greatest impact on economic growth in member countries, policies that reduce energy consumption without planning to support the growth of the manufacturing sector in these countries, will have disturbing impact on economic growth.
Human Capital
Volume 5, Issue 20 , August 2015, , Pages 98-79
Abstract
In past years there are differences between economic researchers about relationship of natural resource abundance and GDP per capita. Some of them based on empirical evidence have believe that resource abundance are inhibitors the road to GDP, while other researchers with providing evidence believe that ...
Read More
In past years there are differences between economic researchers about relationship of natural resource abundance and GDP per capita. Some of them based on empirical evidence have believe that resource abundance are inhibitors the road to GDP, while other researchers with providing evidence believe that resource abundance in itself has direct positive effect on GDP, however the interaction effect is negative. The present study investigates the relationship between natural resource abundance and GDP per capita through effects of the two groups of countries (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and NON-OPEC) over the period 1995-2012. For this purpose, the variables such as natural resource abundant, Dutch disease, economic freedom and financial capital and impact of natural resource abundant on degree of economic freedom as an institutional variable are used for interaction mechanisms. The estimation results show that in all both group of countries, natural resource abundant has positive and significant impact on GDP per capita, while interaction between economic freedom on natural resource abundance in Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries as a deterrent and in other groups to act as a GDP extender factors.
Human Capital
Behzad Salmani; Hossein Panahi; Robab Mohammadi Khaneghahi
Volume 5, Issue 20 , August 2015, , Pages 108-99
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of health indicators (life expectancy and mortality rate) on per capita income. to do so, a panel data of 93 middle income countries over the period 1980-2011 is used. Panel data regression models including fixed effects, random effects and ...
Read More
The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of health indicators (life expectancy and mortality rate) on per capita income. to do so, a panel data of 93 middle income countries over the period 1980-2011 is used. Panel data regression models including fixed effects, random effects and generalized method of moments (GMM) used to determine the effect of health indicators on per capita income. The results showed that the relationship between health indicators and per capita income is not monotonic and follows an U -shaped relationship. Since all of the countries passed turning point of U - shaped curve, one can say that improving health indicators in these countries significantly increases per capita income.
Infrastructure
Reza Akbarian; Ali Ghaedi
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2012, , Pages 48-11
Abstract
One of the economic goals in many countries is providing favorable conditions to boost economic growth. One of the favorable conditions for increasing the production and economic growth is investment in economic infrastructures. In general, investment in economic infrastructures, boost production and ...
Read More
One of the economic goals in many countries is providing favorable conditions to boost economic growth. One of the favorable conditions for increasing the production and economic growth is investment in economic infrastructures. In general, investment in economic infrastructures, boost production and economic growth through increasing the factors such as: productivity, development of market area, equilibrium between supply and demand, creating positive externality effects, making better environment for competition and increasing the welfare level. The objectives of this study are investigating the effect of investment per worker in economic infrastructures on the non-oil gross domestic production per worker and investigating the interaction of capital per worker, non-oil economic growth per worker and investment per worker in economic infrastructures. Vector autoregressive model has been used for empirical investigation during the period of 1961-2006. The empirical results of this study show that in long run the effect of investment per worker in the economic infrastructures on the non-oil gross domestic production per worker is positive and investment per worker in the communication infrastructures has the highest effect and investment per worker in energy infrastructure has the lowest effect on the non-oil domestic production per worker. Empirical results also show that in short run the relationship between non-oil economic growth per worker and investment growth per worker in the economic infrastructures is insignificant, but the effect of capital growth per worker on the non-oil economic growth per worker and investment per worker in the infrastructures is significant and positive.
Monetary policy
Mohammad Lashkary
Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2012, , Pages 105-79
Abstract
The subject of this research is the impact of monetary variables on economic growth in Iran. There is a dispute among economists about the impact of monetary variables on actual ones. Some believe that change in money volume affects only the nominal production and does not have any effect on actual variables ...
Read More
The subject of this research is the impact of monetary variables on economic growth in Iran. There is a dispute among economists about the impact of monetary variables on actual ones. Some believe that change in money volume affects only the nominal production and does not have any effect on actual variables of economy such as actual employment, actual production, and actual economic growth. The others claim, since there is monetary misgiving in economic factors the monetary variables can also influence the actual ones in short run and even long run and escalate the economic growth. The current research investigates different economic theories in this realm and tests them by applying existing information and statistics. This is an analytical and empirical research because it analyses events by experimental observations in several statistical models. On the other hand, it is a comparative study because, in the second section pertaining to the application of economics of money theories and model selection, it applies a model to measure the impact of money volume on economic variables. A descriptive method used in this research. This paper scrutinizes neutrality or non-neutrality of money during a period of 1338 to 1387 solar years in Iran with a monetarists’ approach. Findings show that there is not a significant relationship between money volume and actual economic variables, production and employment, in total and monestary policies are neutral in Iran. Gross domestic product in Iran does not fluctuate intensively except recent years and it has a normal direction. Unemployment rate fluctuates highly and is not normal.
New Keynesians
Sohrab Delangizan; Ali Falahati
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2012, , Pages 163-136
Abstract
One of the most important macroeconomic discussions is the effects of monetary policies on the real section of economy. With this respect, the present article investigates the asymmetric or symmetric effects of monetary shocks on the economic growth of Iran. In this article, the relevant model extracted ...
Read More
One of the most important macroeconomic discussions is the effects of monetary policies on the real section of economy. With this respect, the present article investigates the asymmetric or symmetric effects of monetary shocks on the economic growth of Iran. In this article, the relevant model extracted from macroeconomic literature of money in Iran's economy is being examined. The results demonstrate that money isn’t neutral in Iran's economy and the effects of monetary policies on growth of Iran's economy are asymmetric. The negative monetary shocks influence the economic growth more than the positive monetary shocks; so that the negative monetary shocks in boom cycles and the positive monetary shocks in recession cycles have more significant effect on the economic growth. According to the result, it can be demonstrated that the effects of monetary shocks on economic growth is larger and more asymmetric if the shocks are bigger, and the lower the monetary shocks, the less the effects, consequently the asymmetry of negative and positive shocks will be slight. Also there are information gaps between economic makers so that the expectations are not formed rationally in Iran. So according to the results, it can be concluded that Iran's economy is in agreement with the Keynesian economics.
Economic Growth
Mahdi Fadaee; Somayeh Nayeri
Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2012, , Pages 159-133
Abstract
In economic growth and development analysis, cultural change has a special situation. Cultural indicators can affect on production factors and economic growth endogenously and exogenously. Nowadays, in economic literature capital divided to: Physical, Human, Cultural, Social and Natural capital. In this ...
Read More
In economic growth and development analysis, cultural change has a special situation. Cultural indicators can affect on production factors and economic growth endogenously and exogenously. Nowadays, in economic literature capital divided to: Physical, Human, Cultural, Social and Natural capital. In this research, first, we survey cultural indicators, and then point to production factors especially on capital and theatrically factors and GDP. In this research we used Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to analyze short and long run relations between variables and then test the stability of model by CUSUM and CUSUMQ. Error Correction model (ECM) model is used to show how the short run shocks justify in next periods. Findings show that the model was stable and cultural indicators during 1975-2005 had significant and positive effect on economic growth of Iran.
Export Diversification
Karim Azarbaiejani; Molood Raki; Homayoun Ranjbar
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2012, , Pages 201-165
Abstract
According to discussion of export growth and economic growth, export diversification issue has been considered by many policymakers to mean the increase of exports commodity and reducing its dependence on one source of income. In other words, regardless of the composition or concentration of a country’s ...
Read More
According to discussion of export growth and economic growth, export diversification issue has been considered by many policymakers to mean the increase of exports commodity and reducing its dependence on one source of income. In other words, regardless of the composition or concentration of a country’s export, more export commodities means more diversified exports. In recent years, export diversification in developing countries that mainly rely on exporting a single product has become a political priority. This study makes use of the new growth and international trade theories and panel data methods to examine the impact of export diversification on total factor productivity (TFP) and economic growth during the 1999-2007 in D-8 countries. The research results show that export diversification has a positive and statistically significant effect on the TFP and economic growth. Therefore to create economic growth and sustainable development, Iran has to pay attention to the export diversification policy as well as other factors that affect TFP and economic growth.
Income inequality
Reza Akbarian; Mahsa Famkar
Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2012, , Pages 185-161
Abstract
This paper examines the association of income inequality and economic growth with public expenditures on education as an intermediary factor in Iran. Time series data from 1974-2005 and two stage least squares (2sls) method are used to estimate a simultaneous equation system. Public expenditures on education ...
Read More
This paper examines the association of income inequality and economic growth with public expenditures on education as an intermediary factor in Iran. Time series data from 1974-2005 and two stage least squares (2sls) method are used to estimate a simultaneous equation system. Public expenditures on education and economic growth are dependent variables and population density, human capital, past public expenditures on education and income inequality are considered as explanatory variables in the model. The results are as follows: 1-There is a negative association between income inequality and economic growth with or without public expenditures on education as an intermediary factor. 2-Public expenditures on education are negatively associated with economic growth. 3-Although the sign of past public expenditures on education with public expenditures as an intermediary factor is positive, but the coefficient of past public expenditures on education is not significant in the growth rate equation. So a judgement can not be made about its relationship with economic growth.
