Human Capital
ali younessi
Abstract
In macroeconomic literature, the growth of human capital is so important that if economic growth occurs and this growth cannot improve the condition of human capital, it seems that the efforts have been fruitless. Human capital is measured through the HDI index, and due to the need to improve it, many ...
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In macroeconomic literature, the growth of human capital is so important that if economic growth occurs and this growth cannot improve the condition of human capital, it seems that the efforts have been fruitless. Human capital is measured through the HDI index, and due to the need to improve it, many studies have been conducted in this field.Human capital in any country is based on the state of human capital in the provinces of the country. Providing better services to human capital will improve this huge capital, and achieving it requires the existence of sufficient funds and powers in the provinces. The vastness of the country may not allow the government to optimally allocate resources, so usually local authorities try to have more authority for the growth of human capital through various pursuits and bargaining, which increases the authority of the governor, which is financial decentralization.Financial decentralization is a multi-dimensional process in which some powers are transferred from the central government to the governors, and the most important of which is the return of all revenues of each province to the same province and the sending of grants to the provinces through the central government.The results of the research show that the increase in financial decentralization and the return of revenues from each province to the same province and even grants from the central government have a significant positive effect on the amount of public spending, economic growth, reducing the population of low-income people.
Human Capital
Omolbanin Jalali; Zahra Nasrollahi; Madjid Hatefi Madjumerd
Abstract
Although there are many benefits to group activities and interactions in the group and it has been considered as one of the factors that affect the performance of the organization; but recently it has been argued that increasing monetary rewards in group activities will reduce the efforts of some agents ...
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Although there are many benefits to group activities and interactions in the group and it has been considered as one of the factors that affect the performance of the organization; but recently it has been argued that increasing monetary rewards in group activities will reduce the efforts of some agents (the incentive reversal). Regarding the probability of occurrence of this condition and its effect on cognitive factors such as gender, the main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of gender and gender composition on the occurrence of incentive reversal. In this framework, by providing a laboratory environment and using 210 players (students from Yazd and Ayatollah Haeri Meybod), a two-stage trio team was designed. The research hypotheses test showed that none of the two research hypotheses based on the gender effect and the gender composition on the incentive reversal have been approved.
Human Capital
Omolbanin Jalali; Zahra Nasrollahi
Abstract
The limitation of the production factors is always considered as one of the important issues in the production process. One of these factors is the workforce, which will provide different levels of work for wage change; so, according to Classic economics, increasing monetary rewards will lead to an increase ...
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The limitation of the production factors is always considered as one of the important issues in the production process. One of these factors is the workforce, which will provide different levels of work for wage change; so, according to Classic economics, increasing monetary rewards will lead to an increase in labor force effort. Recently, incentive reversal is introduced with the advent of group activities in organizations; this means that increasing the monetary rewards of individuals will reduce the efforts of some people. In addition, the ability of individuals to take collective action to identify and solve problems can be viewed from the point of view of social capital. In this regard, the main question of this study is to investigate the influence of social capital on cooperation within the group and an adjustment free rider effect in the framework of sequential game. Therefore, by providing a laboratory environment and the usage of 210 players, a three-member and two-stage team game was designed. Results show that there is a significant relationship between the level of social capital and the individual incentive reversal. In addition, increasing social capital reduces the level of incentive reversal in the third players.
Human Capital
Mahdi Shahraki; simin ghaderi
Abstract
This paper investigated the probability of employment of mothers and children (aged 10–18) in Iranian urban household and the factors which influence them with expansion of neoclassic model. Biprobit model and the Stata Software were used to that end. The sample size includes 6517 Iranian urban ...
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This paper investigated the probability of employment of mothers and children (aged 10–18) in Iranian urban household and the factors which influence them with expansion of neoclassic model. Biprobit model and the Stata Software were used to that end. The sample size includes 6517 Iranian urban households (in 2014) who had children aged 10–18. The data was extracted from the Urban Household National Survey. 46. 4% of the sample are females and 54. 6% are males. 93. 97% of children are unemployed and 6. 03% are employed. The results showed that children do not necessarily drop out of school to work and be employed. An increase in the level of education of parents negatively influences the employment of the children aged 10–18, and the effect of father’s education is more decisive in this regard. Furthermore, the increasing of father’s education reduces the possibility of mother’s employment in this household. The substitution effect showed that mother’s and child’s employment are substitutes, as is father’s employment with mother’s and child’s employment. The wealth effect showed that an increase in household per capita income reduces the possibility of children’s employment and raises the possibility of mother’s employment. Furthermore, the size of the family reduces the possibility of mother’s employment and raises the possibility of children’s employment.
Human Capital
gholam reza fatahi bayat; ahmad godarzi; mohammadreza goodarzi
Volume 7, Issue 25 , November 2016, , Pages 133-146
Abstract
Although the development of agriculture is a function of the economic, social and environmental factors, it seems that the development of agriculture can be a function of the change in innovative human capital and the evolution of knowledge and skills to ...
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Although the development of agriculture is a function of the economic, social and environmental factors, it seems that the development of agriculture can be a function of the change in innovative human capital and the evolution of knowledge and skills to enhance the efficiency, effectiveness and stability in the sector.In the present paper, the fundamental question is there a significant relationship between four innovative human capitalvariables and agricultural development? In order to answer the question, analytical-descriptive research method was used. Findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between the variables of education, health, official agencies, non-official agencies and innovative human capital and development of agriculture. Therefore, it can be said that the relationship between the variable of innovative human capital and developmentof agriculture is positive. The softwares of SPSS and LISREL are used.
Economic Growth
Volume 5, Issue 20 , August 2015, , Pages 98-79
Abstract
In past years there are differences between economic researchers about relationship of natural resource abundance and GDP per capita. Some of them based on empirical evidence have believe that resource abundance are inhibitors the road to GDP, while other researchers with providing evidence believe that ...
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In past years there are differences between economic researchers about relationship of natural resource abundance and GDP per capita. Some of them based on empirical evidence have believe that resource abundance are inhibitors the road to GDP, while other researchers with providing evidence believe that resource abundance in itself has direct positive effect on GDP, however the interaction effect is negative. The present study investigates the relationship between natural resource abundance and GDP per capita through effects of the two groups of countries (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and NON-OPEC) over the period 1995-2012. For this purpose, the variables such as natural resource abundant, Dutch disease, economic freedom and financial capital and impact of natural resource abundant on degree of economic freedom as an institutional variable are used for interaction mechanisms. The estimation results show that in all both group of countries, natural resource abundant has positive and significant impact on GDP per capita, while interaction between economic freedom on natural resource abundance in Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries as a deterrent and in other groups to act as a GDP extender factors.
Economic Growth
Behzad Salmani; Hossein Panahi; Robab Mohammadi Khaneghahi
Volume 5, Issue 20 , August 2015, , Pages 108-99
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of health indicators (life expectancy and mortality rate) on per capita income. to do so, a panel data of 93 middle income countries over the period 1980-2011 is used. Panel data regression models including fixed effects, random effects and ...
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The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of health indicators (life expectancy and mortality rate) on per capita income. to do so, a panel data of 93 middle income countries over the period 1980-2011 is used. Panel data regression models including fixed effects, random effects and generalized method of moments (GMM) used to determine the effect of health indicators on per capita income. The results showed that the relationship between health indicators and per capita income is not monotonic and follows an U -shaped relationship. Since all of the countries passed turning point of U - shaped curve, one can say that improving health indicators in these countries significantly increases per capita income.
total factor productivity of production؛
Mohammad Taher Ahmadi
Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2012, , Pages 58-31
Abstract
Total factor productivity of production as a dynamic and permanent source of economic growth is influenced by many factors; that based on existing theories, human capital are known as one of the most important factors. So in the present study, the role of human capital in promoting the total factor productivity ...
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Total factor productivity of production as a dynamic and permanent source of economic growth is influenced by many factors; that based on existing theories, human capital are known as one of the most important factors. So in the present study, the role of human capital in promoting the total factor productivity of production in Iran’s economy for the period 1978 to 2005 were evaluated. Thus for human capital two dimensions of education and health and their effects along with other variables on productivity level were exerted and assessed. The results of estimate the model by using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Method shows, the labor average years of schooling and the ratio of health expenditure on gross domestic product(GDP) (as the successors of human capital) have significant and positive effect on productivity level. Also the results of causality test confirm the existence of a unidirectional causal relationship between human capital and productivity.
