توسعه مالی
Somayeh Azami; Alireza Nokani
Abstract
Financial development plays an important role in economic development and growth. But the question is what effect does financial development have on the quality of the environment? The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different indicators of financial development on carbon dioxide ...
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Financial development plays an important role in economic development and growth. But the question is what effect does financial development have on the quality of the environment? The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different indicators of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions. Considering different financial development indicators, using principal component analysis (PCA), a composite index of financial development is constructed. The biggest role in the construction of the main component is the index of the percentage of bank deposits to GDP. The estimation of linear and non-linear ARDL model shows that renewable energy significantly leads to reduction of emissions and improvement of environmental quality, and Kuznets environmental curve is confirmed in Iran. Also, financial development has a long-run effect on carbon dioxide emissions. The Non-linear ARDL results indicate that the positive shock of financial development leads to a significant increase in carbon dioxide emissions, but the negative shock of financial development does not have a significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, financial development in Iran has not yet led to the achievement of environmentally friendly technologies, and considering the role and importance of financial development in economic growth and development, it is recommended to produce and consume renewable energy along with financial development in Iran to neutralize the effects of The negative environmental impact of financial development should be increased to achieve sustainable development.
Co2 Emissions
Fatemeh Mehrabi; Somayeh Azami
Abstract
In today's world, welfare is considered as a result of the development process, but this economic growth, along with the increase in pollutants, has made environmental crises a major challenge for governments. Therefore, creating a balance between economic development and environmental quality has become ...
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In today's world, welfare is considered as a result of the development process, but this economic growth, along with the increase in pollutants, has made environmental crises a major challenge for governments. Therefore, creating a balance between economic development and environmental quality has become one of the main priorities of policymakers. This research, using the dynamic stochastic environmental general equilibrium model and employing money growth as a monetary policy variable ,government expenditure as a fiscal policy variable and carbon tax as a policy variable in the environmental field aims to examine and analyze the welfare effects of macroeconomic and environmental policies and presents a new rule for fiscal , monetary, and environmental policies analyzes the interactions between fiscal, monetary, and environmental policies in the Iranian economy. The research findings show that in conditions of economic prosperity and the presence of positive aggregate productivity shocks, fiscal policy is the only policy that can reduce emission levels and simultaneously improve household welfare.The results of this study can be useful for environmental policymakers and monetary and fiscal decision-makers in Iran.
Co2 Emissions
Somayeh Azami; Fatemeh Hosseini
Abstract
Is income equality-environmental quality a win-win or a trade-off situation? The answer to this question has important implications for economic and environmental policies. Clarifying the relationship between income inequality and carbon emissions can be a reference for achieving sustainable development ...
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Is income equality-environmental quality a win-win or a trade-off situation? The answer to this question has important implications for economic and environmental policies. Clarifying the relationship between income inequality and carbon emissions can be a reference for achieving sustainable development and improving the income allocation mechanism. This study focuses on the provinces of Iran and analyzes this relationship with spatial econometrics in the period of 2007-2015. The results of the cointegration test confirm the long-term relationship between the variables of the model by considering cross-sectional dependence. Also, the results indicate the confirmation of spatial correlation. The estimation of the Spatial Durbin Model shows that the coefficients of time lagged CO2 emissions and time-spatial lagged CO2 emissions are positive and significant, which is a confirmation of the full dynamics of the model. The spatially lagged independent variables (production, energy intensity and Gini coefficient) are significant on CO2 emissions. The positive and significant spatial dependence coefficient indicates that the emission of CO2 in one province has a positive spillover effect on the emission of CO2 in neighboring provinces. Kuznets' environmental hypothesis is confirmed. Gini coefficient and energy intensity have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Sustainable economic growth can be achieved by reducing energy intensity. Social equity reduces carbon emissions by redistributing income from rich to poor households. Therefore, implementing policies to improve income distribution and strengthening institutions that can help overcome income inequality by supporting the rights of poor people, along with reforming energy policies, can help improve the quality of the environment in Iran.
Somayeh Azami; Hamid Rahmani; Sohrab Delangizan
Abstract
The empirical test of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis plays an important role in designing a macroeconomic model for sustainable economic development; The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between growth and carbon dioxide emissions, emphasizing the role of renewable ...
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The empirical test of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis plays an important role in designing a macroeconomic model for sustainable economic development; The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between growth and carbon dioxide emissions, emphasizing the role of renewable and fossil energy consumption in developing and developed countries. For this purpose, 26 developed countries and 41 developing countries have been considered in the period of 2000-2021. The results of the Westerland cointegration test (with cross-sectional dependence between countries) in developed countries and the Kao cointegration test (without cross-sectional dependence between countries) in developing countries indicate the existence of a long-term relationship between model variables in both groups of countries. FGLS and PCSE estimators show that in both groups of countries, renewable energy consumption has a positive and significant impact on the quality of the environment, and the absolute value of this impact is greater in developed countries than in developing countries, while this result for Fossil energy is the opposite. The N-shaped growth-pollution relationship is confirmed in both groups of countries. Therefore, it cannot be expected that pollution emissions will decrease in the long term with the increase in production. Therefore, the claim that "economic growth is both the cause and the solution of environmental destruction" is doubtful. This study highlights the importance of promoting green energy in order to achieve sustainable development and combat global warming.
s
fatemeh monadi; Kiomars Sohaili; Somaye Azami
Abstract
One of the important macroeconomic variables is national savings. National saving can be affected by several factors, one of these factors is population age structure. Scientific and quantitative determination of the impact of population age structure on national saving is an important issue that is ...
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One of the important macroeconomic variables is national savings. National saving can be affected by several factors, one of these factors is population age structure. Scientific and quantitative determination of the impact of population age structure on national saving is an important issue that is discussed in this paper. In this study relied on Ando and Modigliani's life-cycle hypothesis, has been analyzed the effect of population age structure transitions on national saving in Iran. For this purpose, a model is proposed to explain the national saving and demographic variables included in the model and coefficients have been estimated using an Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL). National savings model consists of two equations, one of the equations represents the long-run equilibrium relationship and other indicates short-run dynamic. In addition, the method of error correction is used for determining the adjustment speed of dynamic model toward long run equilibrium. Annual time series data for the period 1984-2016 have been used. The findings show that the population age structure is an effective factor in formation of the national savings. Increasing the proportion of people in the age group 20 to 24 years reduces national saving. Against, increasing proportion of population aged 25 to 54 years, will increase in national savings. Most of the savings made by the group aged 35-44 years. On the other hand, the increase of population in the age group 55 years and more, again, reduces national saving.
