Income inequality
Maysam Rafeei; Mohamad Sayadi
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the short-term and long-term relationship between state fiscal policy (changes in capital and current expenditure) and social welfare. To this purpose, variables such as GDP, the Gini coefficient, the current and capital expenditures of government and ...
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The main objective of this study was to investigate the short-term and long-term relationship between state fiscal policy (changes in capital and current expenditure) and social welfare. To this purpose, variables such as GDP, the Gini coefficient, the current and capital expenditures of government and social-welfare which have been achieved by converting the homogeneous Amartya Sen, are considered for the period 1971-2014.The result of Bound ARDL testing approach (has been extended by Pesaran and colleagues 2001), shows that although there is a direct relation between capital and current expenditure and social welfare in short-term, the social welfare has inverse relation with current expenditures and economic growth. The result also indicates a direct relation between social welfare and capital expenditure in long-term. These findings are consistent with the stylized facts of fiscal policy in Iran, including government capital expenditure budget failure to meet development goals and bring prosperity due to the fluctuations of the construction budget, delay in construction projects, incorrect selection of projects. Other results revealed that social welfare variable responses to short- term fluctuations in capital and current expenditure and economic growth and to distortion from long term equilibrium trends in the previous period of social welfare.
s
fatemeh monadi; Kiomars Sohaili; Somaye Azami
Abstract
One of the important macroeconomic variables is national savings. National saving can be affected by several factors, one of these factors is population age structure. Scientific and quantitative determination of the impact of population age structure on national saving is an important issue that is ...
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One of the important macroeconomic variables is national savings. National saving can be affected by several factors, one of these factors is population age structure. Scientific and quantitative determination of the impact of population age structure on national saving is an important issue that is discussed in this paper. In this study relied on Ando and Modigliani's life-cycle hypothesis, has been analyzed the effect of population age structure transitions on national saving in Iran. For this purpose, a model is proposed to explain the national saving and demographic variables included in the model and coefficients have been estimated using an Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL). National savings model consists of two equations, one of the equations represents the long-run equilibrium relationship and other indicates short-run dynamic. In addition, the method of error correction is used for determining the adjustment speed of dynamic model toward long run equilibrium. Annual time series data for the period 1984-2016 have been used. The findings show that the population age structure is an effective factor in formation of the national savings. Increasing the proportion of people in the age group 20 to 24 years reduces national saving. Against, increasing proportion of population aged 25 to 54 years, will increase in national savings. Most of the savings made by the group aged 35-44 years. On the other hand, the increase of population in the age group 55 years and more, again, reduces national saving.
Farhad Khodadad Kashi; Nasser Ebrahimi; Siavash Jani
Abstract
Iran ,especially the province of golestan has always been exposed to floods, and in addition to causing great damage to the country and the province of golestan , no proper plan has yet been thought to reduce economic costs . This article tries to identify the key sectors of the province and evaluate ...
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Iran ,especially the province of golestan has always been exposed to floods, and in addition to causing great damage to the country and the province of golestan , no proper plan has yet been thought to reduce economic costs . This article tries to identify the key sectors of the province and evaluate the indirect damage of the flood through the construction and agriculture sectors on other sectors of the province.For this purpose , the regional input – output table with two demand side and supply side approaches is used to calculate the backward and forward linkages of the province´s sectors.The results indicate that the industry , construction and agriculture sectors are introduced as the key sectors of the province’s economy. According to both demand side and supply side approaches , two sectors of agriculture and industry suffer the most indirect damage due to the direct damage of the agriculture sector. According to the demand side approach , the result indicate that the most decrease in output is caused by direct damage to the construction sector , respectively , related to the industry , wholesale and retail sectors . On the other hand , industry and agriculture sectors experienced the most decrease in employment.the analysis of flood effects with a supply side approach indicates that the flood not only directly affects the construction sector , but also causes a decrease in employment in the industry , agriculture and construction sectors
رقابت
Farhad kashi; mohsen mehrara; seyedeh vajihe mikaeeli
Abstract
هدف اصلی مطالعه حاضر ارزیابی تأثیر خصوصیسازی و فشار رقابتی بر قدرت بازار در بخش صنعت ایران است. برای تحقق این هدف ضمن استفاده از دادههای دروره زمانی 1381-1397صنایع کارخانهای ...
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هدف اصلی مطالعه حاضر ارزیابی تأثیر خصوصیسازی و فشار رقابتی بر قدرت بازار در بخش صنعت ایران است. برای تحقق این هدف ضمن استفاده از دادههای دروره زمانی 1381-1397صنایع کارخانهای مرکز آمار از رویکرد هال-راجر و روش تخمین پنل دیتا استفاده شد. نتایج تحقیق دلالت بر وجود قدرت انحصاری قابل توجه در بخش صنعت ایران دارد و علاوهبراین تجربه خصوصیسازی در ایران نه تنها موجب افزایش رقابت در بخش صنعت ایران نشده است بلکه بعد از خصوصیسازی، قدرت انحصاری در این بخش افزایش یافته است و به عبارت دیگر در صنایعی همچون تولید مواد و محصولات شیمیایی، دارو و فرآوردهای دارویی و شیمیایی، تولید محصولات کانی غیرفلزی و صنعت تولید فلزات اساسی انحصار خصوصی جایگزین انحصار دولتی شده است. با مقایسه اثر خصوصسازی در صنایع بزرگ و و در کل صنعت مشخص شد که خصوصیسازی در صنایع بزرگ به قدرت انحصاری بیشتری منجر شده است تا در کل بخش صنعت. نتایج همچنین بر قدرت بازار صحه میگذارد به این ترتیب که با افزایش تمرکز بازار، قدرت انحصاری در صنایع ایران افزایش مییابد.
s
Saleh Taheri Bazkhaneh
Abstract
The impact of inflation uncertainty on the real sector is one of the topics of monetary economics, which leads to important effects at the macroeconomic level. Despite this, there is no consensus on how inflation uncertainty affects output in the field of theoretical and empirical studies. On the other ...
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The impact of inflation uncertainty on the real sector is one of the topics of monetary economics, which leads to important effects at the macroeconomic level. Despite this, there is no consensus on how inflation uncertainty affects output in the field of theoretical and empirical studies. On the other hand, considering the conditions of countries with natural resources rent, this relationship may be challenged. Therefore, the current research tries to provide a new insight in this field by choosing Iran's economy due to the experience of wide inflation fluctuations on the one hand and the special role of oil revenues on its various sectors. For this purposedata from 1989:2 – 2021:2 and continuous wavelet transformation were used to examine the relationship between uncertainty of inflation and output by different groups.The results showed that in the short-run horizon, the gross domestic product and its components have experienced various relationships in terms of intensity, direction and flow of causality with inflation uncertainty. In the medium and long run, the gross domestic product due to oil revenues has an inverse effect on inflation uncertainty. Based on this, it can be said that achieving one of the important goals of monetary policy is dependent on the real sector and specifically oil rent. This problem is rooted in the high concentration of oil in Iran's economy and its direct and indirect influence on liquidity, which reflects the lack of independence of the central bank.
Economic Growth
Hossein Asgharpur; Mohammad-Salar Shahryari; Jaafar Haghighat; Saman Hatamerad; mansour heydari
Abstract
One of the important problems in examining economic growth is equating the frequency of variables affecting production, which approach leads to the loss of information on explanatory variables that have a high frequency compared to economic growth. In this study, by using the MIDAS and MIDAS-VAR method, ...
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One of the important problems in examining economic growth is equating the frequency of variables affecting production, which approach leads to the loss of information on explanatory variables that have a high frequency compared to economic growth. In this study, by using the MIDAS and MIDAS-VAR method, the effect of Tehran Stock market performance on the economic growth of Iran during the period of 2011 to 2021 has been investigated for quarterly and monthly data. The results of the estimates indicate the in the first month of the seasons when the number of stock market booms was high, stock returns had a very positive and significant impact on economic growth. This positive effect decreased with the increase in the number of recessions in the third months and in the second month of every quarter when the number of recessions in the stock market was high, and this had a negative effect on economic growth. Also, the empirical findings indicate that the intensity of the influence of stock returns was stronger in periods of recession than in periods of prosperity. Therefore, the most important policy recommendation of the current research is that in order to increase economic growth, it is necessary for economic policy makers to provide the basis for the growth and development of the stock market and increase its efficiency by adopting appropriate policies, and also prevent recession and its prolongation in the stock market.
hasti bagheri; Asqar Abolhasani Hstyany; Yeganeh Mousavi Jahromi; kamran mani
Abstract
Today, taxes play an important role in the economic growth and development of countries by maintaining the existence of the government and financing social programs and infrastructure investment. Also, taxation helps to allocate resources, redistribute income and correct negative externalities as well ...
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Today, taxes play an important role in the economic growth and development of countries by maintaining the existence of the government and financing social programs and infrastructure investment. Also, taxation helps to allocate resources, redistribute income and correct negative externalities as well as support domestic industries. Therefore, tax evasion reduces the role of tax effectiveness in the mentioned cases. The relevance of the subject of the study is evident from the fact that every year an important part of financial income is lost through the activities of financial planning, financial evasion and tax evasion carried out by the private sector. The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between tax evasion and economic growth during the period of 1399-1390 Iran. For this purpose, seasonal data from Denton's method and estimated tax evasion data have been used. In this study, in the form of a three-part model, the effect of extra-fiscal on economic growth has been investigated using Autorgessive distributed lag (ARDL). The results show that in the short term, in the economic growth model, the coefficient of tax evasion variables, employment rate, foreign investment and oil income is negative. However, in the long run, the impact of tax evasion, employment rate, oil revenue and average tax burden on economic growth is positive. Despite the fact that the coefficient of foreign investment is not significant.
Seyed Ehsan Hosseinidoust; Hamid Sepehrdoost; Farshid Moradi
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of factors affecting capability poverty in the selected Muslim countries known as the D8 group relying on the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) method during the period of 1997-2021. Results show the negative and significant effect of ...
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The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of factors affecting capability poverty in the selected Muslim countries known as the D8 group relying on the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) method during the period of 1997-2021. Results show the negative and significant effect of globalization on capability poverty in the D8 countries during the covered period, such that for each unit increase in the globalization index, capability poverty decreases by 1.8%, which indicates a relative improvement in the welfare of these countries. Likewise, the impact of economic growth on capability poverty is positive, so that a one percent increases in economic growth leads to an increase in capability poverty by 0.21 percent. Such finding can be due to not utilization of the benefits of growth to improve welfare infrastructure in the mentioned countries. In addition, the effect of control variables such as inflation and geographical distribution of the population has also been evaluated positively on capability poverty. Based on the findings of the current study, it is recommended to adopt inflation control programs and moving towards the promotion of globalization indicators in the economies of the D8 group.
Inflation
Faramarz Tahmasebi
Abstract
Inflation influences the assets’ price and return. In order to maintain the money value, investors are willing to invest in assets which maintain their purchasing power and bring them good returns, when they encounter inflationary conditions. Some assets have this function, including stocks, gold, ...
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Inflation influences the assets’ price and return. In order to maintain the money value, investors are willing to invest in assets which maintain their purchasing power and bring them good returns, when they encounter inflationary conditions. Some assets have this function, including stocks, gold, currency, housing, land, etc. This study aimed to review the effect of inflation on investment in a combination of physical and financial assets. The main research question is how the optimal investment portfolio of the people changes with the change of the inflationary conditions and the escalation of the inflation rate. For this purpose, the optimal combination of assets such as dollar, gold coins, stocks, corporate bonds, housing, bank deposits and land was extracted in different inflationary conditions during the period of 1991-2021 using Markowitz's mean-variance model. The results indicated that assets are moved in the people’s investment portfolio due to the change in the inflationary conditions. Where the inflation rate was lower than its 30-year average, the best investment combination for people were corporate bonds, housing, stocks and bank deposits, respectively. With the escalating inflationary conditions and the inflation rate higher than the 30-year average, the optimal investment portfolio includes corporate bonds, gold coins, stocks and land, respectively. Comparing the composition of assets in the first to fourth quartiles of inflation represented that the corporate bonds, housing, stocks and gold are the first priorities of people's investment.
f
Akbar Nikkhah Sarnaghi; . .; Saeed Daei Karimzadeh
Abstract
The relationship between economic growth, trade openness of the economy and the quality of the environment in developing countries is one of the most important topics in the economic literature and in recent years has been one of the challenges for countries in terms of economic growth policies and trade ...
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The relationship between economic growth, trade openness of the economy and the quality of the environment in developing countries is one of the most important topics in the economic literature and in recent years has been one of the challenges for countries in terms of economic growth policies and trade expansion. Foreigners have suffered from the degradation and deterioration of the quality of the environment. In this study, this relationship is examined in developing countries, including 27 countries, including Iran during the years 2000 to 2020 using the GMM method. The results of the aggregate test indicate the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between the variables. According to the results of the estimate, the variables of trade openness and carbon dioxide emissions have a positive effect on economic growth. Carbon dioxide has a negative effect on foreign trade. On the other hand, the variables of economic growth and trade openness have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, appropriate policies to protect the environment, along with policies of economic growth and trade expansion, in addition to economic growth can lead to improved environmental quality...
Economic Growth
Yousef Mohammadzadeh; Samad Hekmati Farid; Elmira Sharifi
Volume 7, Issue 26 , February 2017, , Pages 97-112
Abstract
Although it is generally agreed that there is a role for the government to redistribute income in favor of the poor and provide public goods and services, there is considerable disagreement over how far the government should go in these areas.On this issue, a variety of conflicting theoretical explanations ...
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Although it is generally agreed that there is a role for the government to redistribute income in favor of the poor and provide public goods and services, there is considerable disagreement over how far the government should go in these areas.On this issue, a variety of conflicting theoretical explanations has been advanced that can only be resolved through empiricalinvestigations. According to importance of this issue the important question arises that, what is the effect of government size on good governance and economic performance? This study examines the relationship between government size, good governance and economic performance by estimating dynamic models using panel data from 50 selected countries for the period 1996-2013.The results show that the government size, and inflation have a negative and statistically significant effect on good governance indicator. Also employment index has a positive and significant impact on good governance indicator.The growth model also indicates that the government size has a negative and good governance indicator has a positive effect on economic growth. The interactions effects of government size and good governance indicator show that the size of government through governance indicator has a negative impact on economic growth. Also human development index, foreign direct investment, export and ICT's share of the imported goods have positive and significant effect on economic growth. Shrinking the size of the government and reducing its involvement in the economy, are two key policy recommendations of this study.
total factor productivity of production؛
samira motaghi
Abstract
The current research aims to investigate the effectiveness of scientific innovation on the productivity of the labor force in Islamic countries with the use of health as a mediating variable with an analytical approach. In this study, data panel and Eviews 13 software were used, which examines and analyzes ...
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The current research aims to investigate the effectiveness of scientific innovation on the productivity of the labor force in Islamic countries with the use of health as a mediating variable with an analytical approach. In this study, data panel and Eviews 13 software were used, which examines and analyzes independent variables on labor productivity during the period of 2010-2022. The variables examined in this research include per capita physical capital, technology, innovation, education, health care expenses, and life expectancy. The variable index of physical and human capital, respectively, is the calculation of net capital formation on the number of employees and the average years of education, which has a positive effect on labor productivity, as well as the index of the number of articles published in scientific and technical journals as a substitute for the variable of innovation and technology export. Advanced, which is a representative for the technology variable, and the index related to health measurement, which life expectancy and health cost per capita is considered as a substitute for the level of health and health, with its improvement, it increases the level of productivity of the labor force. . The results of the research show that all the variables used in the research have a positive and significant effect on the growth of labor productivity in the group of Islamic countries.
Somayeh Azami; Hamid Rahmani; Sohrab Delangizan
Abstract
The empirical test of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis plays an important role in designing a macroeconomic model for sustainable economic development; The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between growth and carbon dioxide emissions, emphasizing the role of renewable ...
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The empirical test of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis plays an important role in designing a macroeconomic model for sustainable economic development; The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between growth and carbon dioxide emissions, emphasizing the role of renewable and fossil energy consumption in developing and developed countries. For this purpose, 26 developed countries and 41 developing countries have been considered in the period of 2000-2021. The results of the Westerland cointegration test (with cross-sectional dependence between countries) in developed countries and the Kao cointegration test (without cross-sectional dependence between countries) in developing countries indicate the existence of a long-term relationship between model variables in both groups of countries. FGLS and PCSE estimators show that in both groups of countries, renewable energy consumption has a positive and significant impact on the quality of the environment, and the absolute value of this impact is greater in developed countries than in developing countries, while this result for Fossil energy is the opposite. The N-shaped growth-pollution relationship is confirmed in both groups of countries. Therefore, it cannot be expected that pollution emissions will decrease in the long term with the increase in production. Therefore, the claim that "economic growth is both the cause and the solution of environmental destruction" is doubtful. This study highlights the importance of promoting green energy in order to achieve sustainable development and combat global warming.
Mehran Farahikia; Masoud Yarmohammadi; Hossein Hassani; Ali Shadrokh
Abstract
The amount of non-performing loans is one the indicators for assesssing banks credit risk and its high values is a sign of unhealthy of banking system. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of economic growth on NPLs by applying new nonparametric and robust approaches in time series analysis. ...
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The amount of non-performing loans is one the indicators for assesssing banks credit risk and its high values is a sign of unhealthy of banking system. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of economic growth on NPLs by applying new nonparametric and robust approaches in time series analysis. For this purpose, an econometric model is designed on factors affecting NPL which includes three variables related to economic growth and a variable which is domestic credits. Quarterly data were used between the first quarter of 2009 to the first quarter of 2018 which have been gathered from the website of the Iran’s Ministry of Economy Affairs and Finance. Based on nonparametric approaches considered for analysing data, sub-space-based unit root test was performed to evaluate the stability of series and simple non-parametric regression model was performed for modelling propuses. In this paper, the relationships between variables were estimated using second-order Gaussian kernel in multivariate non-parametric regression. According to the results of the empirical analysis in Iran, there is a causal relationship between the non-performing loans and the total amount of loans of Iranian private banking sector. The SSA causality test shows that this relationship is evident. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at fixed prices, Public Sector Expenditure (PS) and Private Sector Expenditure (PSE), Domestic Credit Volume (CV) are the most important subdivisions of economic growth. According to the results, public sector expenditure has an opposite effect and the increase in credit volume has a direct effect on increasing NPL.
s
Ahmad Ali Asadpour
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of uncertainty in inflation, bank finance, bank interest rates, liquidity, stock prices, price index and GDP on housing prices in Iran. In order to achieve this goal, seasonal data has been used during the period 1991 to 2013. EGARCH pattern (1,1) ...
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of uncertainty in inflation, bank finance, bank interest rates, liquidity, stock prices, price index and GDP on housing prices in Iran. In order to achieve this goal, seasonal data has been used during the period 1991 to 2013. EGARCH pattern (1,1) as an estimation of AR (4) residues for inflation is used as a substitute for inflation uncertainty measurement, and a short-term model and long-term relationships between research variables have been set. The results of short-term model and long-run pattern show that uncertainty regarding inflation, interest rate, liquidity, GDP and national income have a positive and significant effect on housing prices. Indeed, stock prices and housing finance have a negative and significant effect on housing prices. It is noteworthy to state that there are different sensitivities to housing prices in most variables, such as household income per capita, liquidity, and stock price index in the long term and short-term; so that, according to the theory, the elasticity of house prices relative to household income per capita, the volume of money and the stock price index in the long run is more than short-term. The results of the estimation of the error correction model indicate that in each period, about one fourth of the imbalance of dependent variable of its long-term equilibrium values over a period is moderated and eliminated in the subsequent period. In other words, if any shock or inequilibrium occurs in housing prices, it will return to equilibrium after four periods.
Mehran Hafezi Birgani; Alireza Daghighi Asli; Mohammad Gholi Yousefi .; Marjan Daman Keshideh; Mohammad Teymour
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to optimize the production capacity of small and large industries. In this study, along with the econometric technique and using the costlog function of translog to estimate the production capacity of large and small industries in the years (2001-2018), was introduced. ...
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The main purpose of this study is to optimize the production capacity of small and large industries. In this study, along with the econometric technique and using the costlog function of translog to estimate the production capacity of large and small industries in the years (2001-2018), was introduced. In order to determine the optimal level of production capacity in these industries with the two-digit code ISIC.Rev.2 and ISIC.Rev.3, which was used by the Statistics Center of the country, large workshops of 10 people and more. In this method, after collecting information and converting current prices to constant, the econometric technique is used, especially the method of logarithmic transcendental cost function. Findings obtained from the review of information in large industries indicate that the production level is 976456 million rials per year. And is confirmed by the analysis and shows that the optimal level of production and the minimizing point are a function of the total average cost. The average real output value of industrial enterprises in large industries at the production level is lower than the optimal value. The size of benefiting from the production capacity of these industries is 59%. The results obtained from the analysis in small industries show that; The actual production level is 614213 million rials per year, which indicates the minimizing point as a function of the average cost of all small industries. The average real output value of each industrial firm in the small industrial sector was 65,421 million rials per year, and these firms use only slightly more than 38.6% of their nominal capacity.
Energy
Mehdi Sadeghi Shahdani
Volume 6, Issue 24 , September 2016, , Pages 145-156
Abstract
Since efficiency improvements may be viewed as a form of technical change that both reduces the effective cost of energy services and stimulates economic activity, energy demand may, under some circumstances ,rise even as energy productivity improves. This paper examines this hypothesis using a simple ...
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Since efficiency improvements may be viewed as a form of technical change that both reduces the effective cost of energy services and stimulates economic activity, energy demand may, under some circumstances ,rise even as energy productivity improves. This paper examines this hypothesis using a simple model that distinguishes the roles of energy and energy services in production activities. This paper considers a model of economicgrowth where improvements in energy efficiencyconstitute a form of technicalchange that stimulates increased levels of capitalinvestment and economic activity. The model examined here include energy services, notenergy per se, in the aggregate productionfunction. A structure is specified in which energyservices are produced using both energyand non-energy inputs like capital stock. In this model, improvedenergy efficiency entails increased energyuse only if (i) energy accounts for a largefraction of the total cost of energy services and(ii) the production of energy services constitutes a substantial fraction of economic activity. The theoretical model examined in this paper employs a number of simplifying assumptions that might be generalized in future research. The model’s focus on the Cobb-Douglas production function, where the elasticity of substitution between energy services and other inputs is set equal to one, constitutes something of a special case. The Cobb-Douglas functional form is useful because it permits the analysis of closed-form solutions to the model. Relaxing this assumption is unlikely to affect the insights that emerge by developing the distinction between energy use and energy services. According to the model justified for Iran , improvements in energy will cause a net increase in energy use and economic activity. Additionally , changes in the cost of energy services have identical impacts on capital accumulation and long run economic growth. Changes in unit cost will have major impacts on aggregate economic activity if energy services constitute a large share of gross output.
Monetary policy
Seyed Ziyaodin Kiya Hoseini; Mona Hashemi; Amin Hatami; Rafik Nazariyan
Volume 7, Issue 26 , February 2017, , Pages 113-124
Abstract
The most important objectives of monetary policy are to provide price stability, economic growth and favorable employment levels. Since achieving these goals is not directly accessible for policy makers, so introducing and studying the appropriate tools and intermediate targets seem necessary. For this ...
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The most important objectives of monetary policy are to provide price stability, economic growth and favorable employment levels. Since achieving these goals is not directly accessible for policy makers, so introducing and studying the appropriate tools and intermediate targets seem necessary. For this reason, this paper tries to answer this question: Whether can we introduce an appropriate rule/procedure as monetary policy [or not]. Therefore, this paper applied the well-known procedure of McCallum [a rule based on the optimum monetary rate] as well studied its fitness with the economic system of Iran over 1984-2013 by the use of GMM method. The results show that the defined optimum path by McCallum procedure [for the monetary growth rate] can be accounted as the appropriate strategy for the monetary policy in Iran and the economy of Iran can use it as a proper benchmark in its policy decisions.
s
mohamad ali ehsani; hadi keshavarz; Masoud Keshavarz
Volume 7, Issue 26 , February 2017, , Pages 125-144
Abstract
Monetary and fiscal policies are considered of high significance in the economic stabilization policies that are utilized to manage the demand side, but economic experts do not agree upon this policy and its results. This is worthwhile to mention that the source issues in the agreement or disagreement ...
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Monetary and fiscal policies are considered of high significance in the economic stabilization policies that are utilized to manage the demand side, but economic experts do not agree upon this policy and its results. This is worthwhile to mention that the source issues in the agreement or disagreement with this policy are the differences of opinions about the effects of this policy on the economy. This study attempts to investigate the effects of monetary and fiscal policies on the labor market fluctuations via the adjustment to the new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model in Iranian economy. After estimating the model using Bayesian approach, the model was simulated. The results of variance decomposition show that government employment was the largest role in explaining the fluctuations in unemployment and monetary shocks play the most important role in private sector employment. Impulser response functions also show that monetary shock, government employment shock and oil revenues shock reduce the total unemployment
s
amir ali farhang; Ali Younessi; Vahid Nikpey Pesyan; Amaneh lotfi
Abstract
One of the most important topics discussed in countries, especially in developing countries, is economic growth. Entrepreneurship can be one of the effective factors in increasing the rate of economic growth. Because entrepreneurs can provide the necessary resources for the growth and development of ...
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One of the most important topics discussed in countries, especially in developing countries, is economic growth. Entrepreneurship can be one of the effective factors in increasing the rate of economic growth. Because entrepreneurs can provide the necessary resources for the growth and development of production and human resources, create employment and new business and expand the range of products and services with industrial innovation. Therefore, in the current difficult situation, the need to address the entrepreneurship category and its effects on improving the performance of macroeconomic variables, especially in less developed provinces, is felt more than ever. Therefore, the current research aims to analyze the spatial effects of the spillover effect of the entrepreneurship index on economic growth in the provinces of Iran from 2013 through 2020. The results of this study, in the framework of spatial composite data and based on the estimation of a space Durbin, showed that the logarithm of the entrepreneurship index and its proximity effects have a positive effect on economic growth in the provinces of Iran. From other research results, the variables of human capital logarithm and foreign direct investment inflow logarithm have a positive and significant effect on the economic growth of the above provinces, while the unemployment rate variable harms the economic growth of the provinces. Based on the results of the research, it is recommended to increase the provincial and regional powers according to the relative advantages of the regions,
