shiva alizadeh; mohammad alizadeh; mahbubeh delfan; vahid shaghaghi shahri
Abstract
In recent years, many fluctuations in key macroeconomic variables such as growth and inflation, etc. have been observed in Iran.Since the mentioned economic variables have a significant role in the situation of economic stability, so the study of the economic stability of the country have become one ...
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In recent years, many fluctuations in key macroeconomic variables such as growth and inflation, etc. have been observed in Iran.Since the mentioned economic variables have a significant role in the situation of economic stability, so the study of the economic stability of the country have become one of the challenging issues. However, fiscal decentralization as a policy that may increase the country's economic stability has recently been considered by many countries. Therefore, The present study uses the space panel method to investigate the effects of fiscal decentralization on the economic stability of the country (a combined indicator of economic growth, inflation and budget deficit) during the years 2006-2016. The results of the study show a nonlinear relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic stability, they show that a 1% improvement in fiscal decentralization of income does reduce the Combined index of economic stability by 0.63%, however, with increasing fiscal decentralization of income, economic stability increases. The results also show that a 1% improvement in expenditure decentralization has led to a 1.4% increase in the economic stability index, while at high levels of fiscal decentralization of expenditure, the results indicate a decrease in economic stability.
Esmaiel Abounoori; Abdolhamed Nikpour
Volume 5, Issue 17 , December 2014, , Pages 90-75
Abstract
The main aim of this study is estimation of hidden economy and its relationship whit tax burden in Iran during the period 1966-2011. In the first stage: size of the hidden economy is estimated using Lisrel software concerning multiple indicators - multiple causes approach. The tax burden, natural sources ...
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The main aim of this study is estimation of hidden economy and its relationship whit tax burden in Iran during the period 1966-2011. In the first stage: size of the hidden economy is estimated using Lisrel software concerning multiple indicators - multiple causes approach. The tax burden, natural sources of income, unemployment rate, trade restriction, per capita income, inflation and size of the government are regarded as the cause variables while the real GDP growth rate and demand for money in circulation are used as the indicator variables. So, the hidden economy is calculated using extra information and calibration; the time series of absolute and relative size of the hidden economy is obtained on in term of the based price in 1997. In the second stage we have estimated the effect of the tax burden on the size of the hidden economy. The first stage results show that tax burden, size of the government and trade restrictions, are the main reason generating the hidden economy in Iran while the per capita income does not have any significant effect. The results from the second stage indicate that: increase in tax burden on imports increases the size of the hidden economy and the growth of the total tax burden (definition1) decreases the size of the hidden economy. In general, the final effect of the tax burden on the size of the hidden economy is positive and significant.
Energy
Mohammad hassan ghazvinian; KAMBIZ HOZHABR KIANI; Ali Dehghani; Fatemeh Zandi; Khalil Saeedi
Abstract
Planning and policy making in the field of economic growth as one of the major macroeconomic goals requires special attention to the energy sector, the environment and its relation to production. Hence, in this paper, the effects of energy consumption shocks on carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth ...
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Planning and policy making in the field of economic growth as one of the major macroeconomic goals requires special attention to the energy sector, the environment and its relation to production. Hence, in this paper, the effects of energy consumption shocks on carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth in selected countries of the MENA have been studied using the PVAR approach as well as Iran using the VAR method, and the results indicate that the energy shocks would initially lead to a relatively high increase and then a decrease in per capita GDP in the selected countries. The energy shock also initially increased carbon dioxide emissions and subsequently reduced pollution in subsequent periods and will move to the balance in long-term; also, in the Iranian economy, a shock to energy consumption first begans to sharply increase in economic growth after four periods, and eventually returns to a long-term equilibrium. Eventually, with a shock in total energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions are mildly increased and then begin to decrease from the third period. Total energy consumption, foreign direct investment, labor force, and capital stock have a direct and significant relationship with economic growth, but carbon dioxide emissions have a significant negative relationship in Iran's economy.
Abdolali Monsef; Leila Torki; Seyed Jaber Alavi
Volume 3, Issue 10 , June 2013, , Pages 92-73
Abstract
There are different perspectives about the relationship between financial development and economic growth. The question has raised among economists is that whether the economic growth is affected by financial development or economic growth causes financial development? This study investigates the direction ...
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There are different perspectives about the relationship between financial development and economic growth. The question has raised among economists is that whether the economic growth is affected by financial development or economic growth causes financial development? This study investigates the direction of causality between financial markets indicators and economic growth in the D8 countries group during 1990-2010. For this, the panel causality testing approach, the method developed by Kónya (2006) based on the seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) and Wald tests with the country specific bootstrap critical values, is applied. The results indicate that the direction of causality between financial development and economic growth not only is different in countries also, it is different for the each indicator of financial development. Empirical results show that within the financial development indicators, The domestic credit provided by the banking sector in all of selected countries except Pakistan, has affected the economic growth. This indicates a higher degree of dependence of these countries upon the banking sector. Furthermore, within the money market indicators, the domestic credit to private sector indicator has the greatest influence from economic growth.
Somayeh Nematollahi; Alireza Garshasbi
Volume 4, Issue 14 , May 2014, , Pages 92-75
Abstract
Export diversification in developing countries is an important tool to stabilize the foreign exchange revenue from exports of goods and services. This paper examines changes in diversification of exports for the period 2004-2012 when international sanctions increased against Iran. For this purpose, export ...
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Export diversification in developing countries is an important tool to stabilize the foreign exchange revenue from exports of goods and services. This paper examines changes in diversification of exports for the period 2004-2012 when international sanctions increased against Iran. For this purpose, export diversification and its trend has been examined with Herfindahl, Hirschman and Thile indices. The results show that export diversification has shown a declining trend before new sanctions (in 2010) and an increasing trend after new sanctions. Diversification of 8-digit commodity code (HS) indicates that despite the improvement of export diversification, the country's total non-oil exports remain concentrated in certain groups, and this has a negative impact on diversification. Furthermore, the results showed that the geographic diversification with new sanctions declined sharply.
D-8 Countries
Rouhollah Bayat; elham sadeghian
Volume 6, Issue 21 , November 2015, , Pages 92-79
Abstract
On the one hand, D-8 countries due to their membership in the WTO, are considered as a competitor in the field of world trade, but on the other hand as an opportunity to transfer capital and technology for Iran. Because of this, the current study based on relevant conventional indices from various aspects ...
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On the one hand, D-8 countries due to their membership in the WTO, are considered as a competitor in the field of world trade, but on the other hand as an opportunity to transfer capital and technology for Iran. Because of this, the current study based on relevant conventional indices from various aspects dealt with assessment of trade capacities between Iran and other D-8 countries. The cosine measure showed that the degree of the similarity and complementary of Iran’s bilateral trade with Turkey, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Malaysia is high. Iran has also exporting high degree of the similarity with Pakistan's imports. In contrast, Egypt and Iran have the lowest potential for business development. Also, based on calculations of commercial potential ; Iran has high bilateral trade capacity with Turkey, Indonesia and Malaysia and has high export potential with Pakistan. On the other hand, Iran is the only country with a high importing capacity with Bangladesh. Also, based on revealed comparative advantage index, Pakistan, Egypt, Turkey, Indonesia, Malaysia, Iran, Bangladesh and Nigeria are the first to the eighth rank of comparative exports advantage in terms of variety of commodity groups. Results of the Drysdale index is also indicate the possibility of trade development between Iran, Indonesia and Pakistan.
Economic Growth
Ali Mohammadipour; ali salmanpour znouz; Seyed Fakhreddin Fakhrhosseini
Abstract
Emphasizing on designing the four paths of oil and energy impact on the Iranian economy, a New-Keynesian comprehensive DSGE model is simulated. In the present study, shocks in the form of two important paths monetary base and government oil revenues are analyzed. Monetary impulses, in addition to inflation, ...
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Emphasizing on designing the four paths of oil and energy impact on the Iranian economy, a New-Keynesian comprehensive DSGE model is simulated. In the present study, shocks in the form of two important paths monetary base and government oil revenues are analyzed. Monetary impulses, in addition to inflation, instantly have a positive impact on nominal and real exchange rates, firms’ investment, employment, production, import of consumer and capital goods. The impulse for government oil revenues in the first period will also increase government development and current expenditure, general price level, import of capital and consumer goods, and household consumption. Then the demand side of the economy is expanded cross-sectionally and increased non-oil production at the rate of 0.8%. In contrast, with the decline in private sector investment and employment, non-oil production has fallen sharply over two periods, even falling from a stable long-term situation, which means that the Resource Curse in the Iranian economy is realizing. On the other hand, as a result of the shocks in oil revenues, the Crowding-Out Effect on the Iranian economy will be strengthened as government capital spending increases and firms' investments decrease.
Hossein Akbarifard; Mohammad Ghotbadini Ghasem Abad; Farahnaz Shahryaran; Omid Jenabi
Volume 5, Issue 18 , March 2015, , Pages 94-83
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of some indicators of financial repression, including DR (the gap between the official interbank exchange rate and the free market rate), Cpi (the difference between Iran's inflation rate and the inflation rate of the world) and G (the ratio of government ...
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This study investigates the effect of some indicators of financial repression, including DR (the gap between the official interbank exchange rate and the free market rate), Cpi (the difference between Iran's inflation rate and the inflation rate of the world) and G (the ratio of government debt to liquidity), on capital stock growth in agricultural sub-sectors in Iran, during the period 1991-2011 using estimation of the demand function and panel data method. The results of the model indicate a significant negative effect of financial repression indicators on the development of the capital stock growth in all agricultural sub-sectors.
Mohammad Hassan Fotros; Hossein Tavakolian; Reza Maaboudi
Volume 5, Issue 19 , June 2015, , Pages 94-73
Abstract
This paper studies impacts of monetary and fiscal shocks on macroeconomic variables in Iran. For this purpose, a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium approach is employed to sketch an appropriate model for Iranian economy. To calculate the required coefficients, data of the period 1961-2012 released ...
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This paper studies impacts of monetary and fiscal shocks on macroeconomic variables in Iran. For this purpose, a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium approach is employed to sketch an appropriate model for Iranian economy. To calculate the required coefficients, data of the period 1961-2012 released by the Central Bank of Iran are gathered. In order to take in consideration the Iranian economic characteristics, oil revenues, sticky prices, monetary policy, fiscal policy, and technology are considered in the model. Results indicate that technological shocks increase non oil production, private investment consumption, and GDP. So, technological shocks increase economic growth and reduce inflation. Increase in oil revenues promotes non-oil production, private consumption, government expenditure, and private investment. So, in short run, the impact of oil shock on economic growth is positive. But oil shock increases inflation via an increase in money base. Monetary shocks (increase in money base) increase internal consumption and money liquidity (the inflation) and somehow the GDP. But, monetary shocks have small effects on the non oil production. In sum, monetary shock has a small positive impact on economic growth. So, in short run, money neutrality hypothesis cannot be retained. Also, government expenditure shock increases government expenditures, private consumption, and decreases private investment. In sum, government expenditure shock has a positive effect on production, inflation and economic growth.
Economic Growth
Fatemeh Bazazan; Sahar Zare Joneghani; Solmaz Safari
Abstract
Economic growth is considered as one of the most important goals of the economy and has an undeniable effect on improving the welfare of the community. Knowing the factors affecting economic growth has always been an issue for economists. Several factors such as promoting labor force productivity, capital ...
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Economic growth is considered as one of the most important goals of the economy and has an undeniable effect on improving the welfare of the community. Knowing the factors affecting economic growth has always been an issue for economists. Several factors such as promoting labor force productivity, capital accumulation, government's expenditures, technological progress, as well as fiscal illusions affect economic growth. Fiscal illusion is the source of distrust between the government and the people, which influences the economic growth through the channel of state budget and tax revenues. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between fiscal illusions and economic growth in Iran during the period of 1978-2014. The study consists of two steps: firstly, the fiscal illusions in the context of the model of LISRE software (Linear Structural Relationships) are determined and measured by the data given from the Central Bank and the Statistics Center of Iran during the years of 1978-2014. The results indicate that the most important determinant of the size of fiscal illusions in Iran is the tax burden that policy makers try to conceal by creating government debt illusions and illusions of private sector expenditures on public debt levels. In the second step, after estimating the fiscal illusion, its relationship with economic growth has been investigated using the ARDL model. The findings of the test show that fiscal illusions have a negative and significant effect on the economic growth in Iran in both short and long terms.
elahe bohloolvand; saeed farahanifard
Abstract
Financial development is one of the important and effective factors on the countries economic development and it is considered by planners and policymakers. Financial development is a multifaceted concept that, in addition to the monetary and banking dimension, includes other dimensions such as financial ...
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Financial development is one of the important and effective factors on the countries economic development and it is considered by planners and policymakers. Financial development is a multifaceted concept that, in addition to the monetary and banking dimension, includes other dimensions such as financial freedom, quality of governance and oversight, technological advances and existing institutional capacity. So this study, identifies 16 effective variables on financial development index and ranks them using the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) in Iran during 1991-2017.Inclusion probability indicates that liquidity ratio and credit risk are the most effective economic factors on Iran's financial development. Inclusion probability indicates that the size of the government, the rate of inflation, the openness of trade, the ratio of participation bonds and the size of the banking market take third to seventh rank regarding their effects on financial development model of Iran respectively. These variables have positively affected on the financial development index. Also, corruption control rank and government effectiveness rank with 44% and 36% probability of occurrence are the most effective non-economic and institutional factors in the financial development model of Iran, respectively, and affect the financial development index in a negative direction.On the other hand, there is no significant relationship between government budget deficit and financial development in Iran, due to the low probability of this variable in the model; it seems that this variable can affect financial development only through the channel of other variables included in the model
Economic Growth
ramiar refaei; morteza sameti; sara ghobadi
Abstract
The history of Iran's economy after the revolution has been in recession for some years and, with the 70s, this trend has deepened, and with the 1990s it seems that the real GDP trend is making serious changes. In this paper, the Markov chain Monte Carlo and Byesian approach are used to simulate the ...
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The history of Iran's economy after the revolution has been in recession for some years and, with the 70s, this trend has deepened, and with the 1990s it seems that the real GDP trend is making serious changes. In this paper, the Markov chain Monte Carlo and Byesian approach are used to simulate the effects of factors affecting the economic recession in Iran during the years 1979- 2016. The results show that the Bayesian approach confirm the results of the model estimation using the Monte Carlo Markov chain approach, and at a reliable level, 97.5% of the coefficients of the variables are statistically significant and reliable. so, the most influential variables were estimated on the economic recession in Iran, are exchange rate changes, crude oil prices, and real GDP. The results also show that the matrix of Bayes factors for all pairings of models is reliable. The later probabilities of regimes and the likelihood ratio indicate that the change points in the sixth model are different with the rest of the models, so the regime change is happening in the sixth model.
Mohammad Ali Motafaker Azad; Ahmad Asadzadeh; Mohsen Amini Khozani; Mahmood Shirkosh
Volume 4, Issue 13 , January 2014, , Pages 96-79
Abstract
Political stability and democracy, is an important characteristic of a developed political system. In fact a developed political system, with a democracy pattern, has a coordination relationship in other developed sections especially in human and economical issues. In these countries the government ...
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Political stability and democracy, is an important characteristic of a developed political system. In fact a developed political system, with a democracy pattern, has a coordination relationship in other developed sections especially in human and economical issues. In these countries the government provide the basis to develop other sectors by economic freedom. This study describs economic freedom, political freedom and human development by using the simultaneous equations model investigates the effect of economic freedom, political freedom and human development on each other in selected Islamic countries. This model is estimated in selected countries by panel data approach between the years 2001-2010. Results show a signicant positive effect of human development on economic and political freedom. In addition economic freedom and human development have a direct effect on each other. More over political freedom doesn’t have any effect on human development. Finally, there is an adverse effect between economic and political freedom.
fojan tadayon; Homayoun Ranjbar; mostafa rajabi; morteza sameti
Abstract
Developing countries, including Iran, are trying to make up for the lack of private investment and other problems by trade deficit and budget deficit policies. These policies are supported by Keynes and his supporters. They believe that expansionary effects will shift the macroeconomic budget deficit ...
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Developing countries, including Iran, are trying to make up for the lack of private investment and other problems by trade deficit and budget deficit policies. These policies are supported by Keynes and his supporters. They believe that expansionary effects will shift the macroeconomic budget deficit to equilibrium. But if the budget deficit policy is adopted without considering the total supply, it will cause more inflation and trade deficit without eliminating the recession. In this study, in order to investigate the optimal path of budget deficit and trade deficit in Iran's economy, based on the design of optimal paths of economic variables during the period of 1978-2017, an optimal control theory has been used. Therefore, considering the dynamic behavior of economic variables in the country, the BP-IS-LM model is fitted according to economic theories and based on the econometric bases through the three-stage least squares method. The results of this estimate are used to policy in optimal control theory. The results of this study indicate that Iran's economy will need to control the government expenditures to reach the desired level of target variables, and contractile financial policies will have better results in controlling twin deficits.
Azita Sheikhbahaie; saeed Daei-Karimzadeh; sara ghobadi
Abstract
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an international cooperation mechanism that provides developing countries to achieve economic growth by promoting investment in clean energy projects. This study investigates the effect of investments on renewable energy through clean development mechanism in ...
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The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an international cooperation mechanism that provides developing countries to achieve economic growth by promoting investment in clean energy projects. This study investigates the effect of investments on renewable energy through clean development mechanism in a selection of developing countries using the method of differences in differences during the period 2001-2018. The purpose of this study is to compare the spread of renewable energy in countries that accepted the Clean Development Mechanism in comparison with others. The effect of implementing this mechanism in developing countries with poor financial markets compared to developing countries with advanced financial markets is also examined. The results show that the implementation of clean development mechanism in developing countries leads to the expansion of renewable energy. This mechanism can finance clean energy projects and transfer modern technologies to these countries. Also, according to the results, the effect of implementing the clean development mechanism in developing countries with poor financial markets is far more developed than advanced financial markets.
Economic Growth
Volume 5, Issue 20 , August 2015, , Pages 98-79
Abstract
In past years there are differences between economic researchers about relationship of natural resource abundance and GDP per capita. Some of them based on empirical evidence have believe that resource abundance are inhibitors the road to GDP, while other researchers with providing evidence believe that ...
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In past years there are differences between economic researchers about relationship of natural resource abundance and GDP per capita. Some of them based on empirical evidence have believe that resource abundance are inhibitors the road to GDP, while other researchers with providing evidence believe that resource abundance in itself has direct positive effect on GDP, however the interaction effect is negative. The present study investigates the relationship between natural resource abundance and GDP per capita through effects of the two groups of countries (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and NON-OPEC) over the period 1995-2012. For this purpose, the variables such as natural resource abundant, Dutch disease, economic freedom and financial capital and impact of natural resource abundant on degree of economic freedom as an institutional variable are used for interaction mechanisms. The estimation results show that in all both group of countries, natural resource abundant has positive and significant impact on GDP per capita, while interaction between economic freedom on natural resource abundance in Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries as a deterrent and in other groups to act as a GDP extender factors.
s
Nariman Mohammadi; Gholamali Haji; Mohamad Hassan Fotros
Abstract
In recent decades, fiscal decentralization as one of the most important factors affecting growth and improve productivity in the economy and balance of the regional more than ever is underlined by economists. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of fiscal decentralization on economic ...
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In recent decades, fiscal decentralization as one of the most important factors affecting growth and improve productivity in the economy and balance of the regional more than ever is underlined by economists. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of fiscal decentralization on economic growth in provinces of iran from a different angle and specifically based on the principal components analysis (PCA) using econometrics method of panel data in the period of 2004 -2015. The model based on the endogenous growth of this research was estimated based on Mean Group (MG), Poold Mean Group (PMG) and Fixed Effect Dynomic (FED) estimators, and a suitable pattern is determined using the Hausman test. By executing of panel co- integration tests, long- term relationships in terms of cross-sectional approach through fuly-Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) and Dynomic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) estimation methods has extracted and then, causality relations have investigated using the vector error correction approach (ECA). the findings of this study, based on data of 31 provinces of the country, show the positive effect of combined financial decentralization as a result of PCA technique on economic growth and the existence of a nonlinear relationship and the optimum level between combined fisical decentralization index and regional economic growth, so that this relationship with increasing combined fiscal decentralization is positive at low evels, and will be negative due to the costs of decentralization after crossing the peak point. Also, the long- term causality relation from independent variables, especially fiscal decentralization and it's squaring on production, is confirmed.
Economic Growth
Behzad Maleki Hassanvand; Mohammad Jafari; Shahram Fatahi; Hadi Ghafari
Abstract
The aim of this paper is examining the simultaneous impact of good governance and government spending on economic growth in MENA countries. To estimate model, we've used GMM method during 2002-2016. The results show that good governance (weighted average of six indexes) and government spending ...
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The aim of this paper is examining the simultaneous impact of good governance and government spending on economic growth in MENA countries. To estimate model, we've used GMM method during 2002-2016. The results show that good governance (weighted average of six indexes) and government spending have positive and significant effect on economic growth. GDP last period and trade openness variable have positive and significant effect on economic growth. Inflation variable has negative and significant effect and private investment variable has positive and insignificant effect on economic growth. The effect of both economic growth and government spending is positive and significant. Good governance index resulted from combination of existing six indexes by Principle Components Model, has been estimated in another model and it indicates positive relationship with more effect on economic growth.
Elham Nobahar; Fahmideh Ghorbani
Abstract
Migration is one of the main drivers of population changes and has many positive and negative effects in short and long term, and these impacts change the social and economic structure within the migrant areas. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between net migration, income ...
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Migration is one of the main drivers of population changes and has many positive and negative effects in short and long term, and these impacts change the social and economic structure within the migrant areas. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between net migration, income inequality and poverty in Iran. In this study, spatial causality method was used to consider the spatial characteristics of variables. The statistical population includes all the cities of Iran during the period 2006-2016. The results of this study show that the causality between net migration and income inequality is unilateral, from net migration to income inequality. Also, estimation of income inequality model by using spatial econometric method shows that the relationship between net migration and income inequality is inverse and significant. In other words, migration increases income inequality in origin cities and reduces income inequality in destination cities. The result of the spatial causality test between net migration and poverty shows that there is no causal relationship between the two variables at the study period.
s
Azad Khanzadi; maryam heidarian
Abstract
In macroeconomics, the Okun's Law and Verdoorn's Law are used as methods for studying the relationship between economic growth and unemployment and employment. The necessity of studying these two laws together, in a threshold econometric model and considering to regional and spatial conditions of variables, ...
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In macroeconomics, the Okun's Law and Verdoorn's Law are used as methods for studying the relationship between economic growth and unemployment and employment. The necessity of studying these two laws together, in a threshold econometric model and considering to regional and spatial conditions of variables, can have more effective results in labor market policies. Therefore, in this study, due to the importance of employment and unemployment issue in Iran, have been investigated economic growth thresholds in the Okun's and Verdoorn's Law, using Panel Smooth Transition Regression and considering to spatial and non-spatial dimensions of variables. The results of model estimation for 30 Iranian provinces of during the period of 2005-2017 show that unemployment response to changes in production growth was higher than employment, this is true not only in non-spatial state, but also in spatial state and calculation of proximity matrix in economic growth. In addition, the results in spatial state than non-spatial state with stronger and faster changes, which is evidence of regional labor markets impact and macroeconomic situation and unbalanced development in each region, which has led to overflow in other areas. Of course, these effects, with crossed of threshold and entering second regime, have led to improvement in the labor market to increase employment and reduce unemployment, but effects of economic growth more have been on reducing unemployment than employment growth.
Latif Hosseini; Akbar Mirzapour Babajan; Beitollah Akbari Moghaddam
Abstract
Although taxes have always been a major source of funding for governments and an effective tool for the government to achieve its goals, these important tools have led to disruptions in the economy and have led to widespread differences among economists. It has been about the role and size of government ...
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Although taxes have always been a major source of funding for governments and an effective tool for the government to achieve its goals, these important tools have led to disruptions in the economy and have led to widespread differences among economists. It has been about the role and size of government in the economy. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the Impact of tax revenues on macroeconomic variables. The model parameters are estimated using seasonal adjusted time series data for the period 2009-2010. To estimate the bizarre parameters of the model, the previous standard distribution, mean, and deviation of the parameters must first be determined. The parameters are calculated. The results of the model estimation showed that the revenues from VAT have a positive and significant effect on the economic growth of different provinces. Also, the amount of intermittent growth rate of GDP per capita in the provinces has a positive and significant effect on the economic growth rate of this year and also the variable of bank credit, investment rate, has a positive and significant effect on economic growth rate. Also, the variable of investment and government spending has a positive and significant effect, but the inflation rate has a significant and negative effect on economic growth. The results also showed that a short-term tax shock has a negative impact on economic growth and consumption, but in the long run, with an increase in tax revenues, GDP growth and, consequently, consumption and investment in the economy have increased.
Akbar Nikkhah Sarnaghi; Karim Azarbaiejani; saeed Daei-Karimzadeh
Abstract
The quality of the environment and its protection is one of the important issues in the field of management of countries. Therefore, all countries, along with growth and development policies, try to prevent environmental degradation by enacting laws and regulations in the national sphere and also by ...
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The quality of the environment and its protection is one of the important issues in the field of management of countries. Therefore, all countries, along with growth and development policies, try to prevent environmental degradation by enacting laws and regulations in the national sphere and also by creating international agreements. In the meantime, in order to adopt appropriate policies in the field of economic growth and environmental quality, conducting more detailed studies can help policy makers in this regard. The purpose of this study is to investigate the interrelationships of three important variables of economic growth, degree of trade openness and carbon dioxide emissions in the group of developed countries. For this purpose, the annual data of 29 developed countries for the period 2017-2000 from the World Bank website have been used. The econometric approach used in this work is to estimate the relationships of these variables using dynamic panel data using the GMM method. The estimation results show that by increasing the degree of commercial openness and carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth is enhanced. Venice Economic growth also has a positive effect on the volume of foreign trade, but carbon dioxide emissions limit it. On the other hand, economic growth leads to increased carbon dioxide emissions and the growth of foreign trade reduces the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions.
Economic Growth
Hossien Amiri; Mohsen Salehi Komroudi; Mahnaz Pasban
Abstract
Macroeconomic conditions and the relationship of macroeconomic variables have a major impact on the economic performance of countries. Understanding these relationships helps policymakers manage macroeconomics better. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between economic growth, inflation, ...
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Macroeconomic conditions and the relationship of macroeconomic variables have a major impact on the economic performance of countries. Understanding these relationships helps policymakers manage macroeconomics better. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between economic growth, inflation, interest rate and exchange rate in selected Muslim countries (Bahrain, Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Kuwait, Oman and Qatar). Therefore Panel VAR method was used for this purpose. The study used panel data from selected countries over the period 2000–2016. According to the results, all variables are stationary and the model was stable. According to Granger causality results inflation rate, exchange rate and interest rate were the cause of economic growth; inflation rate, economic growth and exchange rate were the cause of economic growth rate; inflation rate, economic growth and interest rate were the cause of exchange rate and only inflation had not the Granger's causality. Exchange rate, interest rate, and inflation had positive effects on economic growth based on impulse-response functions. Exchange rate, interest rate, and economic growth had very short-term and negatively positive effects on themselves. Exchange rate, inflation and economic growth have had a negative effect on the interest rate. Finally, the effect of interest rate is unclear on exchange rate and inflation rate and economic growth had negative effect on economic growth.
Reza Ghaderi Moghaddam; Bijan Baseri; Nemat Falihi; Gholamreza Abbasi
Abstract
Energy plays a vital role in production and consumption of variouse activities. In Iran energy affect economic growth as an important input along with other production inputs and increase value added of industrial activities and services in nationalwide. In this study, we will test the asymmetric analysis ...
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Energy plays a vital role in production and consumption of variouse activities. In Iran energy affect economic growth as an important input along with other production inputs and increase value added of industrial activities and services in nationalwide. In this study, we will test the asymmetric analysis of the effect of energy consumption on economic growth with emphasis on financial development using the ARDL method. Based on a nonlinear and asymmetric relationship between energy consumption, financial development and economic growth, we found the nonlinear relationship of variables examine the period 1981-2020. So two different indicators were used for the examination of financial development variable (domestic credit to private sector to GDP and private sector liquidity to GDP).The results show an asymmetries relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and financial development.In the long run and short run, the positive shock of energy consumption and financial development has slowed down economic growth. Positive energy consumption shockleads to producers' efforts to reduce energy consumption and reduce economic growth in the short run. Also, any positive shock to financial development reduces economic growth in Iran. This reduces consumption and access to finance, and ultimately reduces investment activities
Co2 Emissions
uosef mehnatfar; fariba osmani; Mehdi cheshomi; Lila Aghar
Abstract
In recent decades, economic growth along with environmental protection is important issue facing most economic societies. On the other hand, with the increase of new technologies and the trade openness, the effect of changing new and extensive structures on the environment has become very important. ...
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In recent decades, economic growth along with environmental protection is important issue facing most economic societies. On the other hand, with the increase of new technologies and the trade openness, the effect of changing new and extensive structures on the environment has become very important. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of economic complexity and trade openness on the ecological footprint (as an indicator of environmental degradation). For this purpose, the data of 18 developing countries in Asia during the study period from 1990 to 2017 have been used with the Panel-Quantile approach. In addition, the variables of GDP per capita, globalization and financial development were considered as control variables. The results of this study show that the increase in economic complexity in different quantiles reports different results, so that with a one percent increase in economic complexity in the 10th quantile, the ecological footprint has decreased by more than one percent, but an increase in economic complexity in the 50th quantile has caused the deterioration of the quality of the environment. The results show that the increase in trade in all quantiles has helped to improve the environment. Moreover, with increasing globalization and financial development, the ecological footprint has increased in all quantiles. In addition, the results of this study indicate that the increase in per capita income has reported different results in different quantiles.
